写在前面
这可能是我们有史以来发的最长的一篇推文，共计14682字。它由我们的优秀学生和导师们共同参与，并且由Steven老师亲自编辑，累计投入超过100个小时。它总结了截止目前为止新SAT语法最全的方法论，真诚地希望可以帮助到正在备考的你。
我们都知道，英语的语法还是比较复杂的，但是SAT的语法有一套特定的规则，而SAT考试也在不断重复这些规则。因此，只要掌握了SAT考试的语法规则，就可以在考场上所向披靡。
在这篇指南中，我们列出了一个完整的SAT语法规则表，你只有了解这些规则，就能在SAT语法部分获得高分。如果你可以掌握以下所有规则，并用真题来大量练习，你将在SAT语法方面拥有巨大优势。
与其他指南不同的是，我们的指南会为你提供大量示例，帮助你理解这些语法规则在SAT考试中的应用。
简洁和累赘
在某些情况中，一些内容可能需要说两遍，比如：强调，回顾一些难点，或者解释得更清楚。然而，SAT考试的关键在于尽可能简明扼要。
SAT考试会通过三种方式来测试你掌握句子的能力：修正过于冗长的短语，找到冗余，将两个简单的句子组合成一个更复杂的句子。
1、过于冗长的短语
SAT考试的出题者（老头）深信莎士比亚的这句格言：“简洁是智慧的灵魂”，因此如果你能用更少的单词说同样的话，那么就试试看。
当一个句子用一个单词就可以表达多词短语时，这个句子听起来就很正式或者学术化。通常，一个单词比很多单词好(如例子1和2)。
有时，一个句子可能使用一些没有任何意义的词，这些词甚至不需要替换，你可以完全删除(例子3和4)。
Examples
Error: Thinking in a manner more general, we can say that good schools enable people to learn more. 通常来说，好的学校能让人学到更多东西。
Fix: Generally, we can say that good schools enable people to learn more.
②Error: The company might not be awarded the contract because it lacks production facilities, making it a worse choice from a theoretical way of speaking.
这家公司可能不会获得合同，因为它缺乏生产设备，理论上来说，这是一个更差的选择。
Fix: The company might not be awarded the contract because it lacks production facilities, making it a worse choice theoretically.
③Error: Although hesitant to challenge herself at first, the student decided to enroll in three AP courses, two honors courses, and an intensive art course on top of that.
虽然这个学生一开始不愿意挑战自己，但他还是决定参加三个AP课程，2个荣誉课程和1个强化艺术课程。
Fix: Although hesitant to challenge herself at first, the student decided to enroll in three AP courses, two honors courses, and an intensive art course.
④Error: When the audience stood to applaud the speaker, it was clear that her words had had a marvelous, even stupendous, effecton the crowd.
当观众起立为演讲者鼓掌时，很明显她的话对观众产生了不可思议的影响。
Fix: When the audience stood to applaud the speaker, it was clear that her words had had a marvelous effect on the crowd.
2、冗余
如果一个句子表达同样的信息两次，或者两次以上，则它就是重复累赘的。那么你应该选择最好的方式来表达必需的意思，并删掉不必要的内容。
Examples
意思相同的单词或短语用下划线表示
①Error: The stock market might repeat its drop and rise patternagain, warns the financial forecast.
金融预测警告说，股市可能会重复下跌-上涨模式。
Fix: The stock market might repeat its drop and rise pattern, warns the financial forecast.
②Error: Soon a relative calm period followed quickly after the brunt of the cyclone had passed.在强热带风暴的冲击过后，很快就来到了一段相对平静的时期。
Fix: A relative calm period followed quickly after the brunt of the cyclone had passed.
③Error: Management was surprised to see a biannual uptick in sales twice each year.管理层惊讶地发现，销售出现了两年一次的增长。
Fix: Management was surprised to see a biannual uptick in sales.
3、组合简单句
有时候，为了让句子更加简明扼要，你必须把简单的或相关的句子合并成一句。不要为不能改变单词顺序而担心，因为这种情况重复出现，因此经常需要把这些单词都换一换。
要想正确地组合句子，就要先问自己以下问题:
两个句子是否都在讨论的是一个人、一个地方、一个事物或一个概念?
如果是，你可以利用两个句子重复的名词(例1)把一个句子变成另一个句子的从句。
这两个句子描述的是时间顺序吗?如果是，你可以使用像before、after和following(例2)等介词将其中一个句子变成另一个句子的从句。
一个句子能解释说明另一个句子吗?如果是，你可以在句中插入任何解释的内容来组合它们(示例3)。
Examples
下划线表示用于合并句子的名字、时间顺序或定义
①Error: The voting rate has not decreased among uneducated citizens. Uneducated voters continue to vote for better schools.
没有受过教育的公民的投票率没有下降，因为他们继续投票给更好的学校。
Fix: The voting rate has not decreased among uneducated citizens, who continue to vote for better schools.
②Error: Young musicians are encouraged to perfect their techniques and skills through their conservatory training. After this, they can start their careers in small, local orchestras.
在音乐学院的培训完善他们的技术和技能后，年轻的音乐家可以在当地的小乐团开始他们的职业生涯。
Fix: After perfecting their techniques and skills through their conservatory training, young musicians can start their careers in small, local orchestras.
③Error: The conclusion scientists came to is the idea that instead of being made up of particles, matter is actually made out of one-dimensional objects called strings. This is string theory.
科学家得出的结论是弦理论，即物质不是由粒子组成的，而是由一维物体构成的，这种物体叫做弦。
Fix: The conclusion scientists came to is string theory, the idea that instead of being made up of particles, matter is actually made out of one-dimensional objects called strings.
习语和惯用表达
SAT考的是你对常用英语用法的了解，这包括了两种习语。
首先，有些短语的意思和实际使用起来不一样(例如: raining cats and dogs 倾盆大雨 或者是 kick the bucket 一命呜呼)。其次，有一些短语或词组是惯用搭配(比如stumble on 绊倒 或 keep at bay 被挡在一边)。
你还要区分经常混淆的同音异义词——也就是说，发音相似但在不同情况下使用的词，因为它们的意思不同。一个常见的例子是bear和bare。
1、动词词组
SAT特别喜欢考察动词词组，这些词组都是惯用搭配，它们都是动词+介词对，想要检查你是否知道哪个介词是正确的。
Examples
Error: The show was followed on an encore.
演出结束后，有一场加演。
Fix: The show was followed by an encore.
Error: She is responsible of returning her library books.
她负责归还图书馆的书。
Fix: She is responsible for returning her library books.
Error: One should refrain for texting while driving.
开车时不要发短信。
Fix: One should refrain from texting while driving.
2、介词短语
它们和动词短语差不多，只是不涉及动词。它们是一组以特定介词结尾的词。
Examples
①Error: The translucent sculpture used light as a means throughconnecting viewers standing across from each other.
半透明的雕塑使用光作为连接站在雕塑两边观众的方法。
Fix: The translucent sculpture used light as a means of connecting viewers standing across from each other.
②Error: In accordance to these findings, future research will focus on analyzing the effect of facial expressions on mirror neurons.
根据这些发现，未来的研究将集中于分析面部表情对镜像神经元的影响。
Fix: In accordance with these findings, future research will focus on analyzing the effect of facial expressions on mirror neurons.
3、经常混淆的单词
英语中有很多听起来相似但意思却截然不同的单词。下面是这些单词的例子：
accept:接受(动词)
except:排除(介词)
affect:影响(动词);情绪反应(名词)
effect:结果(名词);导致(动词)
beside:接近;旁边
besides:除了
complement:完成的东西(名词);与…配合好（动词）
compliment:赞美,奉承(名词)
eminent:突出
imminent:即将发生
precede:来之前
proceed:继续
sight:场景，景色，图片，能够看见
site:地点、位置;一个网页
cite:引用，指向证据
then:表示时间的副词
than:用于比较的连接词
Examples
①Error: After losing his hearing, Beethoven had to rely on his imagination to hear his music, rather then listening to musicians perform it.
失去听力后，贝多芬不得不依靠他的想象力去听音乐，而不是靠音乐家演奏。
Fix: After losing his hearing, Beethoven had to rely on his imagination to hear his music, rather than listening to musicians perform it.
②Error: Despite hours of work, the web administration team was unable to restore the sight after the denial of service attack.
尽管工作了很长时间，web管理团队在拒绝服务攻击后仍然无法恢复站点。
Fix: Despite hours of work, the web administration team was unable to restore the site after the denial of service attack.
③Error: The presidential candidate used rhetorical flourishes to great affect in his speech and received a standing ovation.
总统候选人在他的演讲中使用了华丽的辞藻，并得到了观众的起立鼓掌。
Fix: The presidential candidate used rhetorical flourishes to greateffect in his speech and received a standing ovation.
4、语言形式
当你在学校、工作或在新闻或科学期刊上发表文章时，你必须使用正式的英语。这意味着你不能使用看上去太随意的俚语和短语。保持每个句子的语言高度一致是很重要的。
Examples
①Error: A bunch of guys doing experiments was able to synthesize a lithium-ion battery smaller than a grain of sand.
一组研究人员能够合成比一粒沙子还小的锂离子电池。
Fix: A team of researchers was able to synthesize a lithium-ion battery smaller than a grain of sand.
②Error: In 1559, at London’s Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth Tudor, the 25-year-old daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, got to become Queen Elizabeth I.
1559年，在伦敦威斯敏斯特大教堂，亨利八世和安妮博林的女儿，25岁的伊丽莎白都铎，加冕成为伊丽莎白一世女王。
Fix: In 1559, at London’s Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth Tudor, the 25-year-old daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, was crownedQueen Elizabeth I.
不得体行为并不会让你进入公爵们的世界。
连词和连接副词
连词和连接副词用来解释一个句子中的两个从句，或者两个或两个以上连续的句子如何相互联系的词。
SAT考的是你在句子中使用连词和连接副词来阐明因果或逻辑的能力。
1、解释
一些连词将因果关系中的事件联系起来，指出由于其他事情的存在而发生的事情。下面是这些词的一些例子，以及它们的含义:
because:刚才所说的是事实，这是即将要说的话的结果
therefore and hence:从刚才所说的话中可以得出结论
for example:这里有证据支持前面的论点
whereby:使用刚才提到的理念/原则/概念;通过
consequently:直接跟随刚才描述的事物
Examples
不正确的连词用粗体表示，正确的连词用下划线表示。.
①Error: Recent advances in medicine include a new MRI technique for detecting heart damage in chemotherapy patients. However, doctors will be able to see heart defects earlier and more effectively.
最近的医学进展包括一种检测化疗患者心脏损害的MRI新技术。因此，医生将能够更早更有效地发现心脏缺陷。
Fix: Recent advances in medicine include a new MRI technique for detecting heart damage in chemotherapy patients. Consequently, doctors will be able to see heart defects earlier and more effectively.
(Doctors can see better as a result of the new MRI test.)(通过新的核磁共振检查，医生们可以看得更清楚。)
②Error: Not only have archaeologists in Britain unearthed several well-preserved Bronze Age dwellings, we are getting new insight into domestic life 3,000 years ago.
因为英国的考古学家已经发现了一些保存完好的青铜时代的民居，所以我们对3000年前的家庭生活有了新的认识。
Fix: Because archaeologists in Britain have unearthed several well-preserved Bronze Age dwellings, we are getting new insight into domestic life 3,000 years ago.
(We are getting insight as a result of dwellings being unearthed.)
(随着民居被发掘出来，我们开始有了新的认识。)
③Error: Foreshadowing, a literary technique when an author hints at what will happen later in the text, is a useful tool for setting the right atmosphere.
伏笔是作者借此暗示文本中接下来会发生的事的一种文学技巧，它是设定合适气氛的有用工具。
Fix: Foreshadowing, a literary technique whereby an author hints at what will happen later in the text, is a useful tool for setting the right atmosphere.
(An author hints by means of foreshadowing.)
(作者用伏笔的方式暗示。)
2、矛盾或岔开话题
其他连词可以用来描述事件之间的否定或对立关系。这些词可以解释尽管有别的事情发生了，某事还是发生了，或者是常识也无法预测某事的发生。它们还可以表明争论正在转向另一个观点。
however:引入一个与刚才所说的相矛盾的陈述/观点
on one hand, on the other hand:提出两个相互对立的观点(这些观点总是同时出现的)
but:不管刚才说了什么，这里有相反的信息
nevertheless:不管刚才说了些什么
aside from:下面的例子是正在讨论的问题的例外情况
While和Whereas:与事实相对照或比较
Examples
不正确的连词用粗体表示，而正确的连词用下划线表示。
①Error: The pianist had not had nearly enough time to study and practice the sonata, and she played it flawlessly.
钢琴家没有足够的时间来学习和练习奏鸣曲，但她还是完美地演奏了出来。
Fix: The pianist had not had nearly enough time to study and practice the sonata, but she played it flawlessly.
(The flawlessness happened despite the lack of practice time.)
(尽管缺乏练习时间，这种完美还是出现了。)
②Error: Just as crayons are a medium generally reserved for young children, professional artists have used them to great effect.
虽然蜡笔是一种专为小孩子设计的娱乐工具，但是专业的艺术家们使用蜡笔画画的效果也非常好。
Fix: Though crayons are a medium generally reserved for young children, professional artists have used them to great effect.
(That professional artists have used crayons contrasts with the fact that crayons are usually for children.)
(专业艺术家使用蜡笔的结果与蜡笔通常是为儿童设计的事实形成鲜明对比。)
3、相似性和强调性
连接副词的最后一个种类是连接相等或相似的事物，或增加了强调论点方向的例子。
moreover:作为一个附加的，可能更有说服力或更重要的东西
just as:就像;类似于
likewise:同样地;也
not only, but also:提出两个互相支持和强调的观点（它们通常一起用）。
Examples
不正确的连词用粗体表示，而正确的连词用下划线表示。
①Error: Investing money is one way to plan for the future. Hence, another good long-term planning option is to take advantage of a retirement savings account.
投资是为你的未来做计划的一种方式。同样的，另一个好的长期计划选择是利用退休储蓄账户来获益。
Fix: Investing money is one way to plan for your future. Likewise, another good long-term planning option is to take advantage of a retirement savings account.
(The word “another” means that two similar things are being discussed.)
(“another”指的是正在讨论的两件相似的事情。)
②Error: Dressing to attract attention can affect the way people perceive you. Nevertheless, it can be inappropriate depending on the context.
用着装来吸引眼球会影响人们对你的看法。此外，根据上下文，这可能是一种不合适的行为。
Fix: Dressing to attract attention can affect the way people perceive you. Moreover, it can be inappropriate depending on the context.
(The inappropriateness is an additional, more significant effect of attention-getting clothing.)
(不得体是一种额外的、更重要的吸引注意力的服装效果。)
标点
英语里面有很多种标点，不过SAT不可能将它们全部考完。以下几种标点是SAT的主要考点。
1、加修饰词
修饰或描述一个句子的某部分的短语，会根据它们是句子的基本部分还是非基本部分，以不同的标点符号表示。
如果句子需要修饰语才有意义，那么修饰语就是限制性的，前后也不会有逗号。如果你能在让句子保持原意的情况下去掉修饰语，那么修饰语就是非限制性的，并且前后都有逗号，像这样：
在句首的修饰语后面加一个逗号；
在句尾的修饰语前面加一个逗号；
如果修饰语出现在句子的中间，在句子的两边都加上逗号。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点
①Error: US President, Barack Obama, will meet with his counterparts from the European countries for the multinational summit.
美国总统奥巴马将与来自欧洲国家的同行会面，并参加多国峰会。
Fix: US President Barack Obama will meet with his counterparts from the European countries for the multinational summit.
(Since “Barack Obama” is key to the sentence's meaning, no commas are needed.)
(因为“Barack Obama”是这个句子意思的关键，所以不需要逗号。)
②Error: The daisy, a perennial plant, sometimes known as bruisewort, grows low to the ground.
雏菊是一种多年生植物，有时也被称为布鲁瑟草，它长得很低。
Fix: The daisy, a perennial plant sometimes known as bruisewort,grows low to the ground.
(The modifier just needs to be surrounded by commas and doesn’t need any commas inside it.)
(修饰语的前后有逗号，修饰语里面不需要任何逗号。)
③Error: Started on a whim by an eccentric resident; the project to clean up the abandoned lot soon became a popular neighborhood pastime.
清理废弃土地这个项目是由一个古怪的居民突发奇想开始的，这个项目也很快就成为了一个流行的社区娱乐项目。
Fix: Started on a whim by an eccentric resident, the project to clean up the abandoned lot soon became a popular neighborhood pastime.
(The modifier should be set off by a comma, not a semicolon.)
(修饰符应该用逗号来分隔，而不是分号。)
④Error: This last part of the minuet should be played with steadily increasing volume, or crescendo; until the final chord.
小步舞曲的最后一部分应该以稳定的音量或渐强音演奏，直至最后的和弦。
Fix: This last part of the minuet should be played with steadily increasing volume, or crescendo, until the final chord.
(“Crescendo” is being defined, so it needs to be set off by commas, not semicolons.)
(定义的内容是“Crescendo”，因此需要用逗号来分隔，而不是分号。)
2、使用破折号
把破折号想象成是括号。破折号将一个句子隔开，而这句话是有说明意义的，但并不重要，就像旁白或你低声嘀咕的东西。有时这些句子是一个离题的想法;有时是一系列的例子。
通常，破折号里面的短语有逗号，所以破折号是将它与句子的其他部分区分开来的最好方式。如果这个短语在句子的中间，它的两边都必须要有破折号。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点。
①Error: The hairstylist picked up the scissors—the kind that usually sit in the jar of blue liquid, and started to snip bits of hair off his client’s head.
发型师拿起通常放在蓝色液体罐子里的剪刀，开始剪掉客户头上的头发。
Fix: The hairstylist picked up the scissors—the kind that usually sit in the jar of blue liquid—and started to snip bits of hair off his client’s head.
②Error: The best hotel concierges have many skills: knowledge of foreign customs, the ability to speak several languages, and a charming manner, that put even the most diffident guests at ease.
最好的酒店门房有很多技巧，像了解外国风俗，会说几种语言，还有迷人的举止，即使是最缺乏自信的客人也能轻松自如地应对。
Fix: The best hotel concierges have many skills—knowledge of foreign customs, the ability to speak several languages, and a charming manner—that put even the most diffident guests at ease.
③Error: After readers found the errors, all 243 of them—the publishing company was forced to issue a reprint of the book.
读者发现所有243个错误后，出版公司被迫重印这本书。
Fix: After readers found the errors—all 243 of them—the publishing company was forced to issue a reprint of the book.
3、加“such as”
“such as”介绍了一系列的例子来支持刚刚提出的观点。正确的标点方法是在“such as”前面加逗号，然后在第一项或第一个例子前面不加逗号。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点。
①Error: Teachers give out a variety of homework assignments, such as, worksheets, hands-on projects, and online quizzes.
老师们布置了各种各样的家庭作业，比如工作表、动手项目和在线测验。
Fix: Teachers give out a variety of homework assignments, such as worksheets, hands-on projects, and online quizzes.
②Error: The antique book shop also sold other paper ephemera such as, maps and newspapers.
这家古玩书店还出售其他纸制品，比如地图和报纸。
Fix: The antique book shop also sold other paper ephemera, such as maps and newspapers.
4、相同格式的列举
列举是一系列的人、想法、对象、动作或条件，它们彼此跟随，在句子中扮演同样的角色，通常用逗号分隔。事实上，最后一个句子有两个列举对象:“人、思想、对象、行动或条件”和“彼此跟随，在句子中扮演同样的角色，并以逗号分隔”。你看懂我做了什么了吗？
列举的标点规则如下:
它们应该用逗号分隔，在最后一个列举项之前的“和”或者“或”前面加上逗号:狗，猫，沙鼠和鱼（dogs, cats, gerbils, and fish）。
如果列举项中有一个逗号，那么所有列举项都应该用分号分隔，比如:粗毛，纯种狗;白色的猫;柔软,可爱的沙鼠;和鱼（shaggy, purebred dogs; white cats; soft, cuddly, gerbils; and fish）。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点。
①Error: The market stall sold ripe apples, cherries; and sometimes even apricots.
市场摊位出售成熟的苹果，樱桃，有时甚至是杏子。
Fix: The market stall sold ripe apples, cherries, and sometimes even apricots.
②Error: The class focused on programming languages, such as Python; algorithms; and documentation.
这个类主要关注编程语言，比如Python、算法和文档。
Fix: The class focused on programming languages, such as Python, algorithms, and documentation.
5、使用冒号
冒号有两种不同的用法。
首先，他们可以指出一个列举系列即将出现，且在列举之后，句子将结束（句号跟在了最后一个列举项之后）:
以下是我的宠物清单:狗，猫，沙鼠和鱼（dogs, cats, gerbils, and fish）。
其次，它们被用来表示一种解释，一种定义，或者一个刚刚说过的话的例子:
我对完美宠物的寻找归根于人类最好的朋友:狗。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点。
①Error: It’s easy to explain why many 12th graders start taking school less seriously toward the end of the year; senioritis.
很容易解释为什么很多12年级的学生在年底开始不那么认真对待学业:毕业倦怠症。
Fix: It’s easy to explain why many 12th graders start taking school less syMRzFWaYeriously toward the end of the year: senioritis.
("Senioritis" is the defined term.)
(“Senioritis”是一个定义术语。)
②Error: The more I cook at home, the more kitchen techniques I learn, knife skills, mise en place, and cooking several dishes simultaneously.
在家做饭的时间越长，我学到的厨房技巧就越多:刀法、烹饪技巧和同时烹饪几道菜。
Fix: The more I cook at home, the more kitchen techniques I learn: knife skills, mise en place, and cooking several dishes simultaneously.
(“Learn” introduces a list.)
(“Learn”引入了一个list。)
③Error: Consider lobsters, for example, with age, they only get stronger and more fertile.
以龙虾为例:随着年龄的增长，它们只会变得更强壮，更多产。
Fix: Consider lobsters, for example: with age, they only get stronger and more fertile.
("Example" introduces an explanation.)
(“Example”引入了一个解释。)
6、使用分号
分号有两个基本功能。
首先，在排比句中，它们将具有逗号的项分开:
我们吃从附近的森林里采摘的蘑菇;从公共公园采来的香草、坚果和浆果;和国产苹果。
其次，他们将两个run-on的句子在没有固定连词的情况下分开来:
吉姆骑着他的自行车;玛丽走路。
Examples
下划线表示正确和错误的标点。
①Error: The State Department completed three assignments: diplomatic talks, led by an expert in arms control, a bilateralmeeting, chaired by an assistant director, and a state visit.
国务院完成了三项任务:由一位军控专家领导的外交会谈;由助理处长主持的双边会议;并进行了国事访问。
Fix: The State Department completed three assignments: diplomatic talks, led by an expert in arms control; a bilateral meeting, chaired by an assistant director; and a state visit.
(Two of the three list items have commas in them, so they are separated by semicolons.)
(三个list项中的两个有逗号，所以用分号分隔。)
②Error: The architect worked on the model all night, he wasbleary-eyed during the presentation.
建筑师整夜扑在模型上工作;他在演讲时睡眼惺忪。
Fix: The architect worked on the model all night; he was bleary-eyed during the presentation.
(These are independent clauses, so they should be connected by a semicolon.)
(这些都是独立的子句，所以应该用分号连接。)
关于分号和半个蛋糕不得不说的二三事
句子
句子是由一组叫做从句的词组成的。分句有两种类型:独立分句和从属分句。
一个独立的子句可以作为一个完整的句子，因为它有一个主语-动词对（或，主谓宾），而不是以使子句依赖的单词或短语开头，比如when或because。
同时，一个从属从句必须附加到一个独立的从句上，才能成为完整句子的一部分。
SAT考试测试了三种不同类型的与从句相关的情况:固定句子片段，分割句子，和使用从属从句作为句子的主语。
1、句子残缺（Fragment）
一个句子残缺是由任何不独立的从句组成的句子。要修正它，我们要么将片段连接到独立子句(例1和2)上，要么添加缺失的主语或动词(例3)。
Examples
主语用下划线表示，动词用粗体表示。
①Error: To boost the number of women in STEM fields, including electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering.
为了增加STEM领域(包括电气、化学和工业工程)的女性数量，女性高管还充当年轻女性职员的导师。
Fix: To boost the number of women in STEM fields, including electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering, senior female executives also act as mentors to young women.
Error: From diving hard for every attempted shot to deftly throwing the ball to the most open defender.
从每一次射门都要小心尝试，努力奋斗，到灵巧地把球扔给最外围的防守队员，守门员在队员最需要她的时候救了她们。
Fix: From diving hard for every attempted shot to deftly throwing the ball to the most open defender, the goalie was saving her team at a time when they needed her.
③Error: For the sake of a better experience at school, asking his adviser for a new room assignment.
为了在学校有更好的体验，这个大一新生向他的导师要求对他重新分房间。。
Fix: For the sake of a better experience at school, the freshmanasked his adviser for a new room assignment.
2、Run-on句子
Run-on句由多个独立的子句组成，只有一个逗号或根本没有标点符号。要想在SAT考试中找到正确答案，可以从以下三个选项中选择一个:
如果一个独立的子句是另一个子句的解释或定义，那么在解释的开头添加一个词，例如“because”或“which”(例1和2)；
如果没有独立子句定义或解释另一个子句，则将它们与逗号+连接符(例如and或but)或分号组合在一起(例3和4)；
或者，把它们分成两个句子(例子5)。
Examples
两个独立子句之间的分隔用|标记，更正用下划线标注。
①Error: The dog Mary wants to put in the dog show is a beagle, | it is a medium-sized member of the hound family.
玛丽想在狗展上展示的狗是一只小猎犬，它是猎犬家族中中等大小的成员。
Fix: The dog Mary wants to put in the dog show is a beagle, whichis a medium-sized member of the hound family.
②Error: The deli had no milk left after a rush of morning 原由网customers, | the owner rushed to order more.
因为在早上的顾客蜂拥而至之后，熟食店的牛奶都卖光了，所以老板赶紧点了更多牛奶。
Fix: Because the deli had no milk left after a rush of morning customers, the owner rushed to order more.
③Error: My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.
我最喜欢的地中海酱汁是鹰嘴豆泥，因为它很有大蒜味。
Fix: My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, as it is very garlicky.
④Error: Air plants like the Tillandsia species are tolerant of a wide range of climates, | they thrive in room temperatures.
空气植物，如土壤植物，对各种气候都具有耐受性;它们能在室温下茁壮成长。
Fix: Air plants like the Tillandsia species are tolerant of a wide range of climates; they thrive in room temperatures.
⑤Error: Deciding which play to put on is only the first step, | even a great won’t succeed without a well-selected cast and a set design that works with the director’s vision.
决定上演哪出戏只是第一步，如果没有精心挑选的演员和符合导演愿景的布景设计，即使是伟大的剧本也不会成功。
Fix: Deciding which play to put on is only the first step. Even a great won’t succeed without a well-selected cast and a set design that works with the director’s vision.
3、从句作为句子主语
有时，一个句子可以用一个完整的从属子句作为主语，而不是用一个简单的名词作为主语。当这种情况发生时，就把从属子句当作一个单数名词。
例如，在第一个例子中，提出在屋顶安装太阳能板想法的人是句子的主语。你可以用这个技巧来判断:用一个单数名词代替从句，比如阿尔伯特爱因斯坦，看看这个句子是否仍然有效。
当我们在这里做这个的时候，我们可以看到阿尔伯特爱因斯坦是天才，这是行不通的;因此，动词必须是单数以匹配主语。
Examples
从句的主语用下划线表示，而动词用粗体表示。
①Error: Whoever came up with the idea to put solar panels on rooftops are geniuses.
提出在屋顶安装太阳能电池板的人都是天才。
Fix: Whoever came up with the idea to put solar panels on rooftops is a genius.
②Error: That cleaning a kitchen is a repetitive chore which makes it especially thankless.
打扫厨房是一项重复性的家务，这让它特别吃力不讨好。
Fix: That cleaning a kitchen is a repetitive chore makes it especially thankless.
对牛奶和饼干的过度依赖，能使他成为一个依赖别人圣诞老人吗?
错误的修饰语
修饰语是描述某种东西的一个单词或短语。SAT考两种修饰词问题:垂悬修饰词和错位修饰词。
1、垂悬修饰语
垂悬修饰语是一个描述性短语，它的开头是一个句子，后面是一个逗号，它描述的名词不会放在逗号后面。
在下面的第一个例子中，覆盖在人行道上的修饰词应该用来描述雪。然而，因为我们是逗号后面的第一个词，所以这个句子听起来像是我们是铺在人行道上的人。
Examples
修饰词用下划线表示，正确和错误修饰的名词用粗体表示。
①Error: Coating the sidewalk, we trudged through the heavy snow.
我们在覆盖人行道的大雪中跋涉。
Fix: We trudged through the heavy snow coating the sidewalk.
②Error: Long and tangled, it was difficult to comb the child's hair.
孩子的头发又长又乱，很难梳理。
Fix: Long and tangled, the child's hair was difficult to comb.
③Error: Exhausted and weak, the soldiers' uniforms were covered in frost.
疲惫而虚弱的士兵浑身都是霜。
Fix: Exhausted and weak, the soldiers were covered in frost.
2、错位修饰语
误置修饰语是一个描述性短语，它与它应该描述的东西不够接近，使它听起来像是指向错误的东西。
在下面的第一个例子中，销售架上的修改器应该显示夹克挂在哪里。然而，由于它被放置在“too small”的旁边，这个句子似乎在说，是夹克的悬挂方式太小了(而不是夹克本身)。为了纠正错误，我们把修饰语移到它所描述的名词附近。
Examples
修饰符用下划线表示，而正确和错误修改的内容用粗体表示。
①Error: The jacket was too small on the sale rack.
促销架上的夹克太小了。
Fix: The jacket on the sal//www.58yuanyou.come rack was too small.
②Error: Ray wore his one-collared shirt to the job interview,which was stained with mustard.
Ray穿着他那件沾了芥末的单领衬衫去面试。
Fix: Ray wore his one-collared shirt,which was stained with mustard, to the job interview.
③Error: She handed out brownies to children wrapped in foil.
她给孩子们发了包着锡纸的布朗尼蛋糕。
Fix: She handed out brownies wrapped in foil to children.
“我就在那里，像一个修饰语一样在微风中晃来晃去……”
平行结构
使用平行结构就是写一个排比句，其中所有的项目都有相同的语法格式。例如，如果列表中的两项动词以-ing结尾，那么第三项也应该是以-ing结尾的动词。如果列表中的一项是介词短语，那么第二项也应该是介词短语。
Examples
已经平行的单词或短语用粗体表示，而那些需要纠正平行的则用下划线表示。
①Error: The couple bought the concert tickets, arrived at the theater, and they sat down in their seats.
这对夫妇买了音乐会的票，来到剧院，然后坐在座位上。
Fix: The couple bought the concert tickets, arrived at the theater, and sat down in their seats.
②Error: Painting your bedroom requires picking a color,measuring the walls, get the right tools, and buying paint.
粉刷卧室需要选择一种粉刷颜色，测量墙壁尺寸，找到合适的工具，购买油漆。
Fix: Painting your bedroom requires picking a color, measuringthe walls, getting the right tools, and buying paint.
③Error: The workshop had a whiteboard on one wall, a set of shelves against another wall, and a third wall had many drawers for tools.
车间的一面墙上有一块白板，另一面墙上有一组架子，第三面墙上有许多装工具的抽屉。
Fix: The workshop had a whiteboard on one wall, a set of shelves against another wall, and many drawers for tools along a third wall.
④Error: Her essay focused on characters' reactions to bad news and showing how these characters handled success.
她的文章关注的是角色对坏消息的反应，以及这些角色如何成功处理这种状况。
Fix: Her essay focused on characters' reactions to bad news andshowed how these characters handled success.
设置好平行轨道，这样你的句子火车就可以在路上安全移动
复数和所有格
SAT考试将测试你对使用名词复数(当有两个或多个名词时)和使用名词所有格(当你必须解释某物属于某物或某人时)的理解。
要有一个没有其他特殊意义的复数名词，就在单数名词后面加s:
one student, but three students
要成为所有格单数名词，就在单数名词的末尾加撇号+ s:
the pencil that belongs to one student = the student’s pencil
为了使复数名词具有所有格，就在复数名词的末尾加一个撇号:
the classroom that belongs to three students = the students’ classroom
Examples
①Error: Every morning, many hawk’s circled the field, looking for prey.
每天早上，许多老鹰都在田野上空盘旋，寻找猎物。
Fix: Every morning, many hawks circled the field, looking for prey.
②Error: The more I read the novel, the closer I felt to the authors’point of view.
这本书我读得越多，我就越能理解作者的观点。
Fix: The more I read the novel, the closer I felt to the author’spoint of view.
③Error: Art Deco furniture is marked by the artists use of geometric shapes, curves, strong colors, and new materials, such as plastics.
装饰艺术家具的标志是艺术家使用几何形状、曲线、强烈的颜色和新材料来制作家具，如塑料。
Fix: Art Deco furniture is marked by the artist’s use of geometric shapes, curves, strong colors, and new materials, such as plastics.
That man and that jacket belong to that dog—they are that dog's belongings.
代词
代词是词性的一部分，可以用来代替名词。例如，“she”可以代表女性或是做伊丽莎白女王的代词。但与名词不同的是，代词如果使用的方式不同，它们的形式也会改变。这些是代词在SAT考试中的测试方式。
1、主语代词和宾语代词
名词和代词既可以是动词的主语，也可以是动词的宾语。主语是动词，宾语是动词。例如，在句子“A dog chases its tail”中，dog是主语名词，chases是动词，tail是宾语名词。
与狗或尾巴等名词不同，代词的形式取决于它们是主语还是宾语。例如，在“she likes him”的短语中，女人是主语，所以代词是她。另一方面，在“he likes her”这个短语中，女人是宾语，所以代词就变成了宾语。
如果你想知道在处理复合名词时是使用主语还是宾语代词，有一个窍门，就是去掉另一个名词，用代词试一下句子——你很快就会知道哪个是正确的。在下面的第一个例子中，me ate dinner 显然是错的。在第三个例子中，sold cookies to I 显然是不正确的。
Examples
①Error: Me and my parents ate dinner.
我父母和我一起吃的晚餐。
Fix: My parents and I ate dinner.
②Error: The tourists asked my friends and I for directions.
游客们向我和我的朋友们问路。
Fix: The tourists asked my friends and me for directions.
③Error: The Girl Scouts sold cookies to my sister and I.
女童子军把饼干卖给了我和我的妹妹。
Fix: The Girl Scouts sold cookies to my sister and me.
2、Who和Whom
Who是一个关系代词，可以在一个句子中引导一个从属或独立的从句。当代词是行为的主体时使用的是who，而当代词是行为的客体时使用的是whom。
关于who棘手的问题是，想要弄清楚是使用它的主语形式还是宾语形式并不取决于它的先行词。相反，你必须看到who在它自己的子句中扮演什么角色。
例如，在例1中，尽管people是动词benefits的对象，但在子句中，who understand the tax code，who是动词understand的主语。另一方面，在例2中，尽管skydivers是句子的主语，但在从句中，whom many people greatly admire，whom是动词admire的宾语。
一个技巧是用 I 或 me 替换who或whom，来看看是否需要主语或宾语形式。在这种情况下，me understand the tax code doesn't work，neither does many people greatly admire I。
Examples
主语用粗体表示，动词用斜体表示，宾语用下划线表示。
①Error: The essay points out that the reduction in taxes only benefits those people whom understand the tax code.
文章指出，减税只对那些了解税法的人有利。
Fix: The essay points out that the reduction in taxes only benefits those people who understand the tax code.
②Error: Skydivers, who many people greatly admire, tend to be comfortable with risk-taking and in excellent physical shape.
很多人都很欣赏跳伞运动员，他们喜欢冒险，身材也很好。
Fix: Skydivers, whom many people greatly admire, tend to be comfortable with risk-taking and in excellent physical shape.
3、代词和先行词
如果有代词，那么代词所指代的名词就很明显了。如果代词所指的是哪个名词还不清楚，或者代词没有先行词，这个句子就需要用两种方式中的一种来重写:代词可以用名词代替，或者短语可以简化。
例如，在例1中，this可以指工业革命、抵抗团体、机械化或劳动力，因此添加了一个名词。同时，在例3中，them没有先行词，所以这个句子必须重写。
Examples
不清楚的代词用粗体表示，而正确的代词和先行词用下划线表示。
①Error: During the Industrial Revolution in England, a resistance group sprang up to protest the mechanization of the labor force. Workers associated with this began to break and burn factory machinery to protest what they saw as unfair treatment. 在英国工业革命期间，一个抵抗组织兴起，抗议劳动力的机械化。与这个派系有关的工人开始破坏并烧毁工厂的机器，以抗议他们所看到的不公平待遇。
Fix: During the Industrial Revolution in England, a resistance group sprang up to protest the mechanization of the labor force. Workers associated with this faction began to break and burn factory machinery to protest what they saw as unfair treatment.
②Error: The files arranged by the temporary workers were out of order, so management sent them back to the main office. 临时工作人员安排的文件有问题，所以管理人员将文件退回到总公司。
Fix: The files arranged by the temporary workers were out of order, so management sent the files back to the main office.
③Error: The amount of entertainment available is increasing steadily; soon there will be more than 5,000 shows for them to distribute to subscribers. 可供观看的娱乐节目正在稳步增加;不久，将有超过5000个节目向订户分发。
Fix: The amount of entertainment available is increasing steadily; soon there will be more than 5,000 shows for distribution to subscribers.
4、代词和先行词的并列
代词必须以各种方式与它们的先行词相匹配。
这意味着当我们在一个句子中不止一次使用代词时，我们必须自始至终使用同一个人。(澄清一下:第一人称表示“我I”或“我们we”，第二人称表示“你you”，第三人称表示“他he”、“她she”、“它it”或“他们they”。)
这也意味着复数名词与复数代词匹配，而单数代词与单数名词相匹配。
Examples
不匹配的代词和先行词用粗体表示，匹配的代词和先行词用下划线表示。
①Error: If a person wants to succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules of the game.
如果一个人想在共同合作的世界里获得成功，她必须知道游戏规则。
Fix: If a person wants to succeed in corporate life, she has to know the rules of the game.
②Error: Like its distant oceanic relatives whales, hippopotamusescan alter their density to sink or float in water.
就像它的远亲鲸鱼一样，河马可以改变它们的密度，使其下沉或漂浮在水中。
Fix: Like their distant oceanic relatives whales, hippopotamusescan alter their density to sink or float in water.
③Error: After acquiring several new companies, the multinationalcorporation moved their headquarters to a state with more favorable tax loop holes.
在收购了几家新公司后，这家跨国公司将总部搬到了一个税收漏洞更大的州。
Fix: After acquiring several new companies, the multinationalcorporation moved its headquarters to a state with more favorable tax loop holes.
5、That和Who
这些关系代词背后的基本概念很简单:who是一个人或一群人的代词，that是其他一切事物的代词。
Examples
不匹配的关系代词用粗体表示，匹配的代词和先行词用下划线表示。
①Error: Coaching can be difficult for people that have a hard time planning strategy on the field.
对于那些在场上很难制定战略的人来说，指导是很困难的。
Fix: Coaching can be difficult for people who have a hard time planning strategy on the field.
②Error: The scientific establishment who rejected Giordano Bruno’s theory that the earth revolves around the sun later had to acknowledge its mistake.
否认了乔达诺布鲁诺(Giordano Bruno)地球围绕太阳转的理论的科学机构后来不得不承认自己的错误。
Fix: The scientific establishment that rejected Giordano Bruno’s theory that the earth revolves around the sun later had to acknowledge its mistake.
③Error: The decision was made by the director, wanting to organize the group in a more efficient way.
这个决定是由主管做出的，他想以一种更有效的方式来组织团队。
Fix: The decision was made by the director, who wanted to organize the group in a more efficient way.
6、不定代词
不定代词指的是未知或未指明的人、地点或事物。许多不确定的代词看上去是指多个事物或人，实际上指的是单数。
这意味着他们使用单数形式的动词:everyone is代替了everyone are(例1和2)。这也意味着关于他们的任何名词指的必须是单数和复数:没有人想要辍学,而不是没人想辍学(例子3和4)。
Examples
代词和匹配的动词或名词用下划线表示，不匹配的动词或名词用粗体表示。
①Error: On big-budget movies, each of the actors have large, well-decorated trailers.
在大制作的电影中，每个演员都有一个大的、装饰精美的预告片。
Fix: On big-budget movies, each of the actors has a large, well-decorated trailer.
②Error: Every one of the experts invited to speak at the conference were unable to make it.
每个受邀在会议上发言的专家都没能成功。
Fix: Every one of the experts invited to speak at the conferencewas unable to make it.
③Error: Anyone thinking about becoming writers must be excellent readers.
任何想成为作家的人都必须是优秀的读者。
Fix: Anyone thinking about becoming a writer must be an excellent reader.
④Error: Either of these desks would be great surfaces to work on.
这两张桌子都是工作的好地方。
Fix: Either of these desks would be a great surface to work on.
7、Its/It’s, Their/They’re/There, Your/You’re, Whose/Who’s
这些代词的不同形式和缩写经常被混淆，但它们只是你必须记住的东西。如果你卡住了，这里有一些技巧可以用:
把句子中缩写分开来:does it is，you are，they are，以及who is。然后用it's, you're, they're 或者 who's。
如果句子试图说某物属于另一物，就用its, your, their或whose。
如果句子试图指向一个特定的或模糊的地方，就用there。
Examples
这些词的不正确的形式用下划线告诉我，而正确的用粗体表示。
①Error: Who could have known that Da Vinci’s most mysterious painting would become his most famous, with it’s unique half-smile forever expressing some unknowable emotion.
谁知道达芬奇最神秘的画作会成为他最著名的作品呢?它那独特的半微笑永远在表达着某种不可知的情感。
Fix: Who could have known that Da Vinci’s most mysterious painting would become his most famous, with its unique half-smile forever expressing some unknowable emotion.
②Error: Your just like all the other Americans visiting England who think that cricket is closely related to baseball.
你就像所有来英国的美国人一样，都认为板球和棒球有密切的关系。
Fix: You’re just like all the other Americans visiting England who think that cricket is closely related to baseball.
③Error: Having several books to return to the library, Maria checks they’re due dates to make sure she won’t have to pay any fines.
玛丽亚有几本书要还给图书馆，她检查了它们的到期日，以确保她不用支付任何罚款。
Fix: Having several books to return to the library, Maria checkstheir due dates to make sure she won’t have to pay any fines.
④Error: Dismayed that no one agreed with his argument, the city councilman asked, “Whose with me on this?”
由于没有人同意他的观点，市议员沮丧地问:“谁同意我的观点?”
Fix: Dismayed that no one agreed with his argument, the city councilman asked, “Who’s with me on this?”
⑤Error: Every study we have come across suggests that bicycles are an excellent way to get around: there economical, good for public health, and environmentally friendly.
我们所接触到的每一项研究都表明，自行车是一种很好的出行方式:经济实惠、对公众健康有好处，而且对环境友好。
Fix: Every study we have come across suggests that bicycles are an excellent way to get around: they’re economical, good for public health, and environmentally friendly.
动词
在SAT考试中的动词主要考两点:动词时态和主谓一致。
1、动词时态
基本的动词时态有9种，每一时间段(现在、过去、将来)有3种。下面是由动词to sing构成的基本时态。如下所示，一些动词时态是通过添加动词have、be和do的形式来构成的。
一般来说，我们是在同一个时间段内将动词放在一个句子中，尤其是当一个句子描述的是同一时间段内发生的事情时(例子1)。
如果一个句子中包含了时间上的变化，那么动词时态应该随着时间的变化而变化(例子3)。
Examples
相同时态的动词用下划线表示，错误时态的动词用粗体表示。
①Error: According to the cardiologist, since the patient’s arteriesare (present) dangerously clogged with cholesterol deposits, the medical team had (past) to check for elevated HYPERLINK "https://blog.prepscholar.com/community-service-ideas" \t "_blank" blood pressure and other heart attack risks. 根据心脏病专家的说法，由于病人的动脉被胆固醇沉积堵塞造成危险，医疗小组必须检查血压升高和其他心脏病发作的风险。
Fix: According to the cardiologist, since the patient’s arteries are(present) dangerously clogged with cholesterol deposits, the medical team has (present) to check for elevated blood pressure and other heart attack risks.
②Error: Even though office hours had been (past) over for some time, the professor and her student are continuing (present) their productive work on the research project. 即使办公时间已经过去了一段时间，教授和她的学生仍在继续他们在研究项目上进行高效的工作。
Fix: Even though office hours have been (present) over for some time, the professor and her student are continuing (present) their productive work on the research project.
③Error: If the pace of technological advancements continues(present), in the future we ride (present) self-driving cars. 如果技术进步不会停止，那么在未来我们能够驾驶自动驾驶汽车。
Fix: If the pace of technological advancements continues(present), in the future we will ride (future) self-driving cars.
2、主谓一致
名词和动词都是能够用数字衡量的词类，但如果只指一件事或多件事，它们的写法就不一样了。例如，one dog runs fast, 和 two dogs run fast。
主语/动词一致是指名词和动词有相同的数字(单数或复数)。需要记住的一点是，集体名词都是单数(例如，“a crowd of people laughs”是正确的，而不是“crowd of people laugh”)。一个集体名词是一个名词，代表一组事物，但在语法上被当作一个单独的单元（例如，a singular noun)。
Examples
匹配的主语和动词用下划线表示，不匹配的动词用粗体表示。
①Error: A recent survey found that the furniture in most people's homes are mostly made of wood.
最近的一项调查发现，大多数人家里的家具大多是木制的。
Fix: A recent survey found that the furniture (singular) in most people's homes is (singular) mostly made of wood.
②Error: There is a beaker and three pipettes on the top shelf of the cupboard.
在橱柜顶部的架子上有一个烧杯和三个吸管。
Fix: There are (plural) a beaker and three pipettes (plural) on the top shelf of the cupboard.
③Error: I am trying to read the name of the store across the street, but a crowd of people keep yMRzFWaYgetting in the way.
我想看街对面那家商店的名字，但有一群人总是挡着我的路。
Fix: I am trying to read the name of the store across the street, but a crowd (singular) of people keeps (singular) getting in the way.
不合逻辑的比较
有两种不同的比较打破了逻辑规则。
第一种方法是，你只能在某种程度上比较相似的事物。发现错误比较的一个技巧是，当一个句子通过比较词than比较属于某人或其他人的东西时，这种错误往往会发生。你必须确保than两边的两个东西都属于同一类别(示例1和示例2)。
例如，你可以比较苹果和橙子，因为它们都是水果。但如果Stanley和Cora都有苹果，这么表达就是错误的:
I like Stanley's apples better than Cora.
你只能这样表达:
I like Stanley's apples better than Cora's apples.
或者这样:
I like Stanley's apples better than Cora's.
SAT常考的第二种不合逻辑的比较是，你不能把某事物与所有这类事物进行比较。相反，你只能将该对象与该类型的所有其他对象进行比较(示例3)。
Examples
每个句子中被比较的两件事物用下划线表示。
①Error: Some regulators believe that new drugs should have to go through an even more rigorous testing process than patients wh原由网o prefer the one currently in place.
一些监管机构认为，新药必须经过比现有药物更严格的检测程序，因为患者更喜欢目前的药物。
Fix: Some regulators believe that new drugs should have to go through an even more rigorous testing process than the one currently in place, which patients prefer.
②Error: Charles Dickens's epic novels, which are almost universally admired by readers and critics alike, are more sweeping than Jane Austen, who writes novels of manners.
查尔斯狄更斯的史诗小说，几乎受到所有读者和评论家的赞赏，这种赞赏比简奥斯汀的礼仪小说更为广泛。
Fix: Charles Dickens's epic novels, which are almost universally admired by readers and critics alike, are more sweeping than Jane Austen's novels of manners.
③Error: For astronauts, the moon is easier to get to than any space object.
对于宇航员来说，月球比任何其他太空星体都容易到达。
Fix: For astronauts, the moon is easier to get to than any other space object.
写在最后
很多同学在掌握了语法方法论之后勤加练习，都取得了非常理想的370+的语法分数。
希望这篇最全的SAT语法攻略能帮你拨开迷雾，拿到语法400分满分！为1500+冲刺奠定了坚实的基础！
