今天，小简老师整理了高中英语人教版必修2的知识点。包括各单元课文翻译、重点短语、句型和语法。给正在学习此书的你！
Unit1 Cultural relics
（一）原文+译文
IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀屋
Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . 普鲁士国王腓特烈威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。 This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . 这件礼物就是琥珀屋，它之所以有这个名字，是因为造这间房子用了好几吨的琥珀。 The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . 选出来的琥珀色彩艳丽，呈现蜂蜜一样的黄褐色。 The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . 琥珀屋的设计采用了当时流行的别致的建筑式样。 It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . 它也是用金银珠宝装饰起来的珍品。一批国家最优秀的艺术家用了大约十年的时间才把它完成。
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In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . 事实上，这个琥珀屋并不是作为礼物来建造的。 It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. 它是为腓特烈一世的宫殿设计（制作）的。 However, the next 原由网King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. 然而，下一位普鲁士国王，腓特烈威廉一世，这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不要它了。 In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. 在1716年，他把琥珀屋送给了彼得大帝。In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. 作为回赠，沙皇则送给他一队自己最好的士兵。 So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. 这样，琥珀屋就成了沙皇在圣彼得堡冬宫的一部分。 About four meters long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . 这间琥珀屋长约四米，被用作招待重要来宾的小型会客室。
Later, Catherine Ⅱ had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. 后来，叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到圣彼得堡郊外她避暑的宫殿中。She told her artists to add more details to it . 她叫她的工匠在原来设计的基础上增添了更多精细的装饰。In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. 将近600支蜡烛照亮了这个房间，里面的镜子和图画就像金子一样闪闪发光。Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . 可悲的是，尽管琥珀屋被认为是世界上的一大奇迹之一，可是现在它却消失了。
In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . 1941年9月，纳粹德国的军队逼近圣彼得堡。 This was a time when the two countries were at war . 这是在两国交战的时期。 Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . 在纳粹分子到达夏宫之前，俄罗斯人只能把琥珀屋里的一些家具和小件艺术饰品搬走。 However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . 可是琥珀屋本身却被一些纳粹分子偷偷地运走了。 In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven wooden boxes . 在不到两天的时间里，10万个部件装进了27个木箱。There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . 毫无疑问，这些箱子后来被装上火车运往哥尼斯堡，它是当时德国在波罗的海边的一个城市。 After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . 从那以后，琥珀屋的去处便成了一个谜。
Recently, the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace. By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one. 近来，俄罗斯人和德国人已经在夏宫建起了一个新的琥珀屋，通过研究琥珀屋原来的照片，他们建造的新琥珀屋样子和旧的看起来非常像。 In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city. 2003年，圣彼得堡人民就用它来庆祝该市建成300周年。
（二）重点短语
1. cultural relics 文化遗产
2. rare and valuable 珍贵稀有
3. survive 幸存，活下来，比活的长
4. in search of 寻找，寻求 （介词短语） search for寻找（动词短语）
5. in the fancy style 以别致的风格 in … style/ in the style of ……以……风格
6.be popular with受…的欢迎
7. be decorated with用…装饰 decorate with 以...装饰
8. be designed for …为……而设计 by design故意地
9. belong to 属于(无被动，无进行)
10. in return (for) 作为回报/报答/交换 in turn 依次地，轮流的；转而，反过来
11. a troop of 一群
12. become part of… 变成……的一部分
13. serve as作为，用作，充当
14. reception hall会客室
15. have sth. done 请/让别人做某事
16.less than少于
17. consider doing 考虑做某事 consider…as/to be+ n./adj.“认为…是…” consider that从句
18. be at war 处于战争状态,交战
19. remove… from从…去掉/移走
20. evidence证据
21. remains a mystery依然是谜 it remains to be seen 尚待分晓
22.the entrance to。。。的入口
23. be (well) worth doing(很)值得做的 be worth+n.或金钱
24. care about在乎，关心
25. the former…the latter（两者中的）前者…后者…
26. explode爆炸 explosion(n.)
27. without doubt 无疑地，确实地 in doubt有疑问地
28. by the light of the moom 借助于月光
29. apart分别地 take apart 拆卸，拆开 apart from=except除…之外 tell…apart辨认，区分
30. judge n.法官，裁判 v.断定，判定 Judging from…由…判定
31. rather than胜于，而不是 prefer to do rather than do, would like to do rather than do, would do rather than do宁愿做…而不愿做…
32. do with 处理，忍受，对付 what-do with, how-deal with
33. to one’s surprise 使…感到惊奇的是
34. think highly/well/much of认为…了不起,看重
（三）重点句型
1. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. ( I was never allowed to do things the way that/ in which I wanted. 我从来不允许按照自己的想法去做事情。)
20. There is no doubt that …毫无疑问。。。I have doubt whether/if…我怀疑是否…(doubt名词)
I doubt whether/if..我怀疑是否…I don’t doubt that…我不怀疑。。。(doubt动词)
（四）语法——非限定性定语从句
1.非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明（注：通常和主句间用逗号隔开，不受主句句子结构的影响，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立）
2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的六点区别
区别一：形式不同
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
区别二：功能不同
限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：
People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
区别三：翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
区别四：含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
区别五：先行词不同
限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。如：
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
区别六：关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容)，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。
Unit2 The Olympic Games
（一）原文+译文
AN INTERVIEW采访
Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. 帕萨尼亚斯是大约2000年前的一位希腊作家，他于2007年3月18日作了一次魔幻旅行，来打听当代奥林匹克运动会的情况。He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games. 现在他正在采访一位2008年奥林匹克运动会的志愿者李燕。
P: My name is Pausanias. I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago. I’ve come to your time to find out about the present-day Olympic Game//www.58yuanyou.coms because I know that in 2004 they were held in my homeland. May I ask you some questions about the modern Olympics?
帕：我叫帕萨尼亚斯。我生活在你们所说的“古希腊”。我曾经写过很久以前奥林匹克运动会的情况。现在我来到你们这个时代，想了解有关当代奥运会的情况，因为我知道2004年奥运会是在我的祖国举行的。我可以问你几个有关现代奥林匹克运动会的问题吗？
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L: Good heavens! Have you really come from so long ago? But of course you can ask any questions you like. What would you like to know?
李：天哪！你真的来自那么久远的年代？当然你可以问你想问的问题。你想知道什么呢？
P: How often do you hold your Games?
帕：你们的奥运会多久举行一次？
L: Every four years. There are two main sets of Games-the Winter and Summer Olympics, and both are held every four years on a regular basis. The Winter Olympics are usually held two years before the Summer Games. Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors. They may come from anywhere in the world.
李：每四年一次。运动会有两种：夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会。这两种运动会都是四年举行一次。冬季奥运会总是在夏季奥运会的前两年举行。只有达到他们各自项目统一标准的运动员才会被接受参加奥运会。选手可以来自全世界任何一个地方。
P: Winter Games? How can the runners enjoy competing in winter? And what about the horses?
帕：冬季奥运会？冬天运动员怎么可能赛跑啊？又怎么可能赛马呢？
L: Oh no! There are no running races or horse riding events. Instead there are competitions like skiing and ice skating which need snow and ice. That’s why they’re called the Winter Olympics. It’s in the Summer Olympics that you have the running races, together with swimming, sailing and all the team sports.
李：噢，不！冬奥会并不包括跑步和骑马比赛，但是却有像滑冰和滑雪这类需要冰雪的比赛项目，所以才叫它冬季奥运会。跑步、游泳、划船和一些团队项目是在夏季运动会上进行。
P: I see. Earlier you said that athletes are invited from all over the world. Do you mean the Greek world? Our Greek cities used to compete against each other just for the honour of winning. No other countries could join in, nor could slaves or women!
帕：我明白了。你原来说邀请来的运动员来自世界各地。你指的是希腊世界？我们希腊各个城市之间曾经为了赢得荣誉而彼此竞争。别的国家不能参加，奴隶和妇女也不能参加。
L: Nowadays any country can take part if their athletes are good enough. There are over 250 sports and each on has its own standard. Women are not only allowed, but play a very important role in gymnastics, athletics, team sports and …
李：现在只要他们的运动员达到了参赛的标准，任何国家都能参赛。总共有250多个运动项目，每个项目都有自己的标准。妇女不仅允许参加，而且她们还在体操、竞技和团队等比赛项目中起着非常重要的作用……
P: Please wait a minute! All those events, all those countries anddDIaqvod even women taking part! Where are all the athletes housed?
帕：请等一下！所有这么多项目，所有这么多国家，甚至妇女也都参加！所有这些参赛的人住在哪里呢？
L: For each Olympics, a special village is built for them to live in, a main reception building, several stadiums for competitions, and a gymnasium as well.
李：每届奥运会都有一个特殊的村庄（奥运村）供参赛的人住，一个主要的接待大楼，好几个供比赛用的体育场，还有一个室内体育馆。
P: That sounds very expensive. Does anyone want to host the Olympic Games?
帕：那听起来要花很多钱吧。会有人想承办奥运会吗？
L: As a matter of fact, every country wants the opportunity. It’s a great responsibility but also a great honour to be chosen. There’s as much competition among countries to host the Olympics as to win Olympic medals. The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing, China. Did you know that?
李：事实上，每个国家都想抓住这个机会。被选中不仅要承担巨大的责任同时也享有极大的荣誉。国与国之间争取奥运会承办权的竞争就跟争夺奥运奖牌一样的激烈。2008年的奥运会将在中国举行，你知道吗？
P: Oh yes! You must be very proud.
帕：是的，听说过，你一定很自豪。
L: Certainly. And after that the 2012 Olympics will be held in London. They have already started planning for it. A new village for the athletes and all the stadiums will be built to the east of London. New medals will be designed of course and …
李：当然。那么2012年的奥运会将在伦敦举行。他们现在已开始筹划。在伦敦的东部将为运动员建立一个新的奥运村和所有的运动场。当然还会设计新的奖牌……
P: Did you say medals? So even the olive wreath has been replaced! Oh dear! Do you compete for prize money too?
帕：你刚才说奖牌是吗？就连橄榄枝花环也被取代了！天哪，你们也为奖金而竞赛吗？
L: No, we don’t. it’s still all about being able to run faster, jump higher and throw further. That’s the motto of the Olympics, you know-“Swifter, Higher and Stronger.”
李：不，不是的。仍然是为了能够跑得更快，跳得更高，掷得更远。你知道，奥运会的口号就是“更快，更高，更强”。
P: Well, that’s good news. How interesting! Thank you so much for your time.
帕：这是个好消息。很有趣！占用了你的时间，非常感谢。
（二）重点短语
1. the ancient Olympic Games 古代奥运会
2. stand for 代表；表示；主张；支持；拥护
3. compete with /against sb. for sth. in… 在…中与某人竞争而获得某物
4. come on a magical journey 做梦幻之游come on (表劝说，鼓励等)来吧，www.58yuanyou.com走吧；开始
5. be a volunteer for 做……志愿者 volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事
6. nowadays当今，现在
7. used to do sth.过去常常做某事 be used to do sth.被用来做get/be used to (doing) sth.习惯做...
8. every two days, every second day, every other day每两天/每隔一天every few meters每几米
9. on a regular basis定期地
10. together with和…一起
11. host n.主人,主持人 v. 主办，举行
12. admit（admitted, admitting ）承认，容纳，接纳 be admitted as 作为…被接受admit n./doing sth./having done sth./that从句 承认某事/（已经）做了某事 be admitted to/into… 被…录取，被允许、接纳进入 admit sb./sth. to be 承认某人/某物是…
13. as well 也；又；同样 as well as (除...之外)也,既...又 conj. 以及,又
14. take responsibility for… be responsible for对……负有责任，负起对……的责任
15. replace(=take the place of ) replace sb./sth.取代某人/某物replace…with/by …以…取代
16. put forward 呈上；提出；提前come up with提出，相出
17. advertise sth.打广告
18. be in/under sb’s charge= in /under the charge of sb.由…负责/管理 in charge of 或take charge of负责,掌管 free of charge=for free免费 charge sb. some money for sth. 因某事/物而向某人索价 get charged充电 charge sb. with (doing) sth.控告某人（做）某事
19. physical exercise 体育锻炼
20. be fined+金钱“被罚款”
21. win glory for sb. 为某人赢得荣誉
22. hopeless绝望的
23. bargain讨价还价，便宜货 make a bargain with sb. 与某人达成协议/成交
24. pick up 捡起来；接某人
25. be in pain疼痛 take great pains to do sth.煞费苦心做某事
26. promise许诺，答应；预示，有望 promise (sb.)to do sth. 答应(某人)做某事 promise (sb.)sth. 答应某人某事 promise (sb.)that从句 make a promise 许诺 keep a promise 遵守诺言carry out one’s promise 履行诺言 break one’s promise不遵守诺言
27. marry v.结婚，嫁，娶 married adj.已婚的 marriage n.婚姻 Be/get married to sb与某人结婚 marry sb. to sb.把某人嫁给某人 A marry B A娶了/嫁给B
28. one after another 一个接一个地，络绎不绝地 (连续性) one by one逐一地 (顺序性)
29. deserve vi&vt.应受（报答或惩罚），值得 deserve to do sth理应做，值得做 deserve to be done= deserve doing应该，值得 (主动形式表示被动意义) deserve sth.应得 deserve to be rewarded /punished] 该奖[罚] deserve punishment应当受罚
30. take part in 参加有组织的、重大的活动 join in参加在进行着的活动或游戏（球赛，游戏，舞会等）join参加团体、党派、组织、某人 join sb. in doing sth.加入某人做某事attend参加婚礼、典礼、讲座、会议、上课等(wedding, ceremony, lecture, meting, class, school)
（三）重点句型
1. No other countries could join in, nor could slaves or women. 别的国家不能参加，奴隶和妇女也不能参加。（否定词置于句首，句子倒装。）
(1) So+情态动词/助动词/be动词+主语 “也是的一样的”，强调后者同前者肯定情况一样。
(2) Neither/Nor+情态动词/助动词/be动词+主语“也不” ，强调后者同前者否定情况一样。
(3) So+主语+情态动词/助动词/be动词 “的确如此啊”，对前面情况的肯定。
2. Women are not only allowed, but play a very important role in gymnastics…
not only…but (also)…不但…而且…
(1) 引导并列结构：引导主语时，谓语动词 就近原则。
(2) 引导并列句时，not only句倒装，即前倒后不倒。
例如：Not only did they take photos, but also they had a bid dinner.
3. There is as much competition among countries to host the Olympics as to win Olympic medals.国与国之间争取奥运会承办权的竞争就跟争夺奥运奖牌一样地激烈。
(1) as/so + 形容词/副词原级 + as…
例如：He is as tall as his brother, but he doesn’t study as/so well as his brother.
(2) as/so + 形容词+ 不可数名词/可数名词复数+ as…
例如：He gave me as valuable advice as you did.
(3) as/so + 形容词+ a/an +可数名词单数 + as…
例如：Tom is as tall a boy as Harry.
（四）语法——一般将来时的被动语态
1.一般将来时被动语态的定义和构成
定义：被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。
构成：一般将来时被动语态由“shall（will）+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
(1) 主语+谓语+宾语
(2) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
含有双宾语的主动语态，在变为被动语态时可将其中的一个宾语改为主语，另一个不变。习惯上把间接宾语变为主动语态的主语。
(3) 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
注意：含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将其中的宾语变为主语，宾补不变。
2.使用被动语态注意的问题
(1) 否定词not的位置
在第一个助动词之后
若句中有情态动词，把not放在情态动词后面。
(2) 被动句中的by sb/with sth
被动句中，动作的执行者一般不表示；如需表示，则用by sb，而with sth，短语表示“用某种材料”。
(3) 不能用于被动语态的动词
系动词不能用于被动语态。
have无论表示“有”还是其他意思，都没有被动语态。
表示状态的词没有被动语态。
当及物动词leave，enter，reach等的宾语表示地点，处所或者组织的名词时，不能用于被动语态。
当动词和宾语已经构成一个不可分割的短语是没有被动语态。
有些动词意思上是被动，但形式上时主动，其主语是物，这些动词常见的有wash，write，sell，read，wear，shut，lock等。
Unit3 Computers
（一）原文+译文
ANDY – THE ANDROID机器人安迪
I’m part of an android football team. 我是安迪足球队的一个成员。About once a year we are allowed to get together to play a game of football. 每年大约有一次，我们可以获准在一起进行一次足球赛。I’m as big as a human. It fact, I look like one too. 我同真人一样大小。事实上我看上去也很像人。 On the football team I’m a striker so I have to be able to run very fast. 我在球队中是前锋，所以我需要跑得非常快。My computer ships help me to move and think like a human. 我的电脑芯片帮助我像真人一样运动和思考。For example, I have learned to signal to my teammates in computer language to give me the ball when I am open and have a good for a goal. 例如，当我前面没人防守有机会射一个好球的时候，我已经学会了用计算机语言向队友示意把球传给我。
My first football competition was in Nagoya, Japan several years ago. 我第一次足球比赛是几年前在日本的名古屋。 Last year our team went to Seattle, Washington in the USA. We won second place.去年，我们队去了美国华盛顿州的西雅图比赛，获得了第二名。Personally, I think the team that won first place cheated. 我个人认为得冠军的那个队作弊了。They had developed a new type of program just before the competition. 他们恰好在比赛前研制了一种新程序。So we need to encourage our programmer to improve our intelligence too. 因此我们也需要鼓励我们的程序编制员来提高我们的智能。We are determined to create an even better system. 我们决心创造一个更好的系统。 In a way our programmer is like our coach. 从某种程度上看，我们的程序员就像是我们的教练。She programs us with all the possible moves she has seen while watching human games. 她把观看人类比赛时所看到的一切可能动作编入我们的程序。Then she prepares reliable moves to use if a new situation arises.然后她把我在新情况下能用得上的可靠动作准备好。 In this way I can make up new moves using my “artificial intelligence”. 这样，我就可以用“人工智能”编制出新的动作。I could like to play against a human team, for I have been programmed to act just like them. 我真的特别喜欢和人类球队比赛，因为我经过程序编制，行动起来和他们一样。After all, with the help of my electronic brain which never forgets anything, using my intelligence is what I’m all about!不管怎样，在我过目不忘的电子脑的帮助下，运用智能就是我的一切。
（二）重点短语
1. in common 共同的in common with 和…一样 We have much/a lot /nothing /little /something in common.我们有很多/没有/几乎没有/有一些相似之处。
2.put… in order把…排序in order按顺序; 整齐out of order次序紊乱；(机器等)失灵; 出故障
3. compare …with…把…与…想比 compare …to… 把…比作… compared with与…想比 4. over time 久而久
5.begin as作为…开始
6. technological revolution科技革命
7. from then on. 从那时起 from now on 从现在起
8. artificial intelligence 人工智能
9. in size and in brainpower 在体积和脑容量上
10.as a result结果as a result of作为…的结果
11. go by（时间）流逝，过去 pass by经过
12. human beings, human race, mankind人类
13. provide sb. with sth.= provide sth. for sb.给某人提供某物
14.be filled with充满
14. a life of high quality高质量生活
15. in reality事实上
16. be crazy about…痴迷于，醉心于
17. do research into 进行…的研究
18. have a good shot for a goal. 好好地射一个球
19. a devoted friend一个忠实朋友
20. be connected with …与…有联系
21. get together 聚会
22.make up 组成，构成be made up of由…组成；编造；弥补 make up for；化妆
23.in the early 19原由网60s在20世纪 60 年代早期
24. on the football team在球队中
25. come true 实现，达到 My dream comes true.我梦想成真。realize one’s dream 实现梦想
26. in a way=in one way=in some ways从某种程度上说，从某些方面来说in the/one’s way挡路,碍事 on the/one’s way to …在去…的路上in this way用这种方法by the way 顺便提一下 by way of London 途经伦敦 lose one's way 迷路, 迷失方向 in no way绝不
27. after all毕竟，终究
28. in all=in total总共 above all尤其重要的是，首先 first of all首先，起初 not at all根本不，一点也不 all in all 总之by oneself=on one’s own独自
29. watch over 看守，照管，监视
30.mobile phone手机
31. with the help of在…的帮助下
32. what’s more=in addition 更重要的是，而且，另外
（三）重点句型
1. …it nearly took two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine…差不多到了200年之后我才被做成分析机。
It takes/took/be+时间段+before… “多久之后才…”
2. As time went by. 随着时间的推移。
（四）语法——现在完成时被动语态
1.结构：现在完成时被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + 动词过去分词”。
2.用法：现在完成时被动语态结构常用于以下两种情况：
(1) 主谓关系被动，而且谓语动作从过去一直延续到现在；
(2) 主谓关系被动，而且谓语动作发生在过去，但已对现在造成影响或结果。
3.现在完成时主动句和被动句之间的转换：如果要将现在完成时的主动句转换成被动句，则要把其宾语变为主语，谓语动词变为被动结构，主语变为由介词引导的状语或直接将其省略；反之，如果要把被动句变为主动句，则恢复其原来的主语，谓语动词套用主动结构。
Unit4 Wildlife protection
（一）原文+译文
HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
戴茜是如何学会保护野生动物的
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Daisy had always longed to help endangered species of wildlife. 戴茜一直以来都渴望帮助那些濒临灭绝的野生动植物。One day she woke up and found a flying carpet by her bed. 一天她醒来，发现床边有一块飞毯。 “Where do you want to go?” it asked. Daisy responded immediately. “I’d like to see some endangered wildlife,” she said. 飞毯问：“你想去哪儿？”戴茜立刻回答道：“我想去看看濒临灭绝的野生动物。 “Please take me to a distant land where I can find the animal that gave fur to make this sweater.” 请带我到遥远的地方，在那里我可以发现为制作这件毛衣而提供毛绒的那种动物。”At once the carpet flew away and took her to Tibet. 飞毯立刻开始起飞了，带她到了中国的西藏。 There daisy saw and antelope looking sad. 在那里，戴茜看到一只藏羚羊面带忧郁的神色。 It said, “We’re being killed for the wool beneath our stomachs. Our fur is being used to make sweaters for people like you. As a result, we are now an endangered species.” 它说：“为了取得我们肚皮底下的羊毛，我们正在被屠杀。我们的毛被用来为像你一样的人们制作毛衣。因此，我们现在濒临灭绝了。”At that Daisy cried, “I’m sorry I didn’t know that. I wonder what is being done to help you. Flying carpet, please show me a place where there’s some wildlife protection.” 听了这话，戴茜哭了：“我很抱歉，我过去不知道还有这回事儿。我不知道为了帮助你们正在采取什么措施。飞毯啊，请把我带到一个有野生动植物保护的地方去，好吗？”
The flying carpet traveled so fast that next minute they were in Zimbabwe. 飞毯飞行得如此之快，以至于一转眼他们就来到了津巴布韦。 Daisy turned around and found that she was being watched by and elephant. 戴茜转过身去，看到一头大象正望着她。 “Have you come to take my photo?” it asked. 大象问道：“你是来给我拍照的吗？”In relief Daisy burst into laughter.戴茜如释重负，突然笑了起来。 “Don’t laugh,” said the elephant, “We used to be an endangered species. Farmers hunted us without mercy. 大象说道，“我们过去是濒危动物，农民们总是惨无人道地捕杀我们。 They said we destroyed their farms, and money from tourists only went to the large tour companies. 他们说，我们破坏了他们的农田，而旅游者的钱过去都流进了大型旅游公司。 So the government decided to help. 于是政府决定出面提供帮助。They allowed tourists to hunt only a certain number of animals if they paid the farmers. 如果游客付给农民钱的话，他们允许游客来猎取一定数量的动物。Now the farmers are happy and our numbers are increasing. 如今农民高兴了，我们的数量也在增加。So good things are being done here to save local wildlife.”因此，为了拯救当地的野生动植物，他们也在做一些好事。”
Daisy smiled, “That’s good news. 戴茜笑道：“这可是个好消息。It shows the importance of wildlife protection, but I’d like to help as the WWF suggests.” 这体现了野生动植物保护的重要性，不过，我还是想按照世界自然基金会（WWF）的建议来帮助你们。” The carpet rose again and almost at once they were in a thick rainforest. 飞毯再次升起，几乎一转眼他们就到了茂密的热带雨林。A monkey watched them as it rubbed itself. 一只猴子一边擦着身体，一边望着他们。 “What are you doing?” asked Daisy. 戴茜问它：“你在干什么呢？”“I’m protecting myself from mosquitoes,” it replied. 它回答说：“我这样做可以防止蚊虫叮咬。 When I find a millipede insect, I rub it over my body. It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. 当我发现一种千足虫，便把它擦在身上，它含有一种强效的药物可以防止蚊虫叮咬。 You should pay more attention to the rainforest where I live the appreciate how the animals live together. 你们应该多加关注我生活的热带雨林，并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的。 No rainforest, no animals, no drugs.”没有雨林，就没有动物，也就没有药物了。”
Daisy was amazed. 戴茜很惊讶。“Flying carpet, please take me home so I can tell WWF and we can begin producing this new drug. “飞毯，请带我回家去，我可以告诉世界自然基金会，我们可以开始生产这种新药。Monkey, please come and help.” The monkey agreed. 猴子，请跟我回去帮忙吧。”猴子同意了， The carpet flew home. As they landed, things began to disappear. 毯子飞回了家。当他们着地时，一切就开始消失了。Two minutes later everything had gone-the monkey, too. So Daisy was not able to make her new drug. 两分钟后，什么都没了──猴子也没了。这样，戴茜就不能制造新药了。But what an experience! 但是，这是一次多么奇妙的经历呀！She had learned so much! And there was always WWF…她学了那么多东西！而且，还有世界自然基金会呢
（二）重点短语
1. decrease减少,降低 decrease by 减少了decrease to减少到 increase by/to增加了/到
2. endangered animals濒临危险的动物 in danger of有…的危险；垂危out of danger脱离危险
3. die out 逐渐消失，灭绝（某一物种，也可指疾病、语言、社会习俗custom的灭绝，消失）die off（指一群人或动物等）相继死去 die away（声音，风，光线等）逐渐停止，逐渐消失 die down（火焰，风暴，激烈的情绪等）逐渐减弱，变小
4. in peace安详地，和平地
5. loss损失，丢失，遗失at a loss困惑不解；不知所措
6. in relief 如释重负
7. a nature reserve 自然保护区 a natural protection zone 自然保护区
8. be distant from…离…很远 in the distance在远处
9. be employed to work被雇来工作
10. long to do sth.渴望做某事 long for sth.想要…
11. respond to 回答，回应 response(n.)
12. turn around回转,转向 turn down减弱，降低；拒绝 turn up出现；露面；把声音开大 turn out关闭（煤气、自来水、电灯等）；（常与to, that连用）结果 turn off 关闭，关掉 turn on 打开（煤气、自来水、电灯等） turn to sb. for help想某人求助
13. burst into laughter=burst out laughing突然笑了起来 burst in闯进，突然插嘴 burst into tears=burst out crying突然哭起来 burst into +名词=burst out +doing突然…起来
14. without mercy惨忍地 show mercy to对…同情/怜悯，可怜 at the mercy of听由…摆布
15. a certain number of一定数量的 certain 确定的；某一、某些；一定的
16. the importance of… 。。。的重要性 be of great/much importance 非常重要
17. protect …from…保护…不受…(危害) under the protection of在…的保护下
18. contain含有，包含；容纳；容忍 (事物在里面，或某事物由什么组成) include包括
19. pay attention to注意（to为介词，后跟名词、代词、形容词） Attention, please!请注意 Attract/draw/catch one’s attention 吸引某人的注意 fix one’s attention on集中注意力在…上
20. succeed in doing sth. 成功地做某事 success(n.)成功 successful(adj.)成功的
21. be concerned about对…关心
22. have a secure income有固定的收
23. hunt for寻找，搜寻
24. do harm to 伤害，对…有害 do good to对…有好处
25. come into being出现，形成
26. appreciate (v.)欣赏，感激，意识到 appreciate+名词/代词/动名词 I would appreciate it if… 如果…我将不胜感激。
27. an unexpected incident一件意外事故
28. for sure确切地，无疑地
29. according to a UN report 根据联合国的一份报告
30. in the last 500 years 在过去500年里
31. a start and an ending开头和结尾
32. intend/mean/ plan to …打算//计划做……
33. to teach sb. a lesson教训某人
（三）重点句型
Certain和sure的句型
Sb. be sure/certain of…= Sb. be sure/certain that从句 某人确信…
be sure/certain to do sth. 肯定会做…
It’s certain that从句 肯定会
例如：It’s certain that he will succeed.=He’s sure/certain to succeed.他肯定会成功的。
I’m sure/certain of his success.= I’m sure/certain that he will succeed. 我确信他会成功的。
（四）语法——现在进行时的被动语态
1.定义：现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做。
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2.构成：be + being+过去分词
用法：
(1) “be being done” 中的动词be应随主语(sing. / pl.)作相应的变化。
(2) 将现在进行时的主动语态变为现在进行时的被动语态的关键是：把be doing变为be being done.
3.现在完成时被动语态可用于哪些场合？
现在完成时被动语态可用来强调发生在过去的被动性动作对现在造成影响。
现在完成时被动语态还可强调到目前为止某被动性动作或状态已存在若干时间。
4.is/am/are to be done可用于哪些场合？
(1) 用来表示根据计划或安排将要发生的被动性动作。
(2) 用来表示征求对方意见。
(3) 用来表示必要性。
(4) 用来表示可能性。
5.will/shall be done除用于一般将来时构成被动语态外，还可用于什么场合构成被动语态？
will/shall be done除用于一般将来时构成被动语态外，还可用来表示有固定性条件就会有规律性被动结果。
6.has/have been done是否可用于一般将来时构成被动语态？
可以。has/have been done可用来表示到将来某一时刻为止某一动作已被完成，此时它属于一般将来时被动语态。
7.现在进行时被动语态结构很复杂，应怎样理解？
现在进行时被动语态结构为：is/am/are being done，is/am/are体现标准对照时间点为现在，并随人称的变化而变化；being体现进行时；being done体现被动语态。
Unit 5 Music
（一）原文+译文
THE BAND THAT WASN’T并非乐队的乐队
Have you ever wanted to be part of a band as a famous singer or musician? 你曾经想过要成为一个乐队里有名的歌手或音乐家吗？ Have you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert, at which everyone is clapping and appreciating your music? 你是否曾梦想过在音乐会上面对成千上万的观众演唱，观众欣赏你的歌唱为你鼓掌吗？ Do you sing karaoke and pretend you are a famous singer like Song Zuying or Lin Huan? 你唱卡拉OK时是否假装自己就是宋祖英或刘欢一样著名的歌星吗?To be honest, a lot of people attach great importance to becoming rich and famous. 说实在的，很多人把名和利看得很重。But just how do people form a band? 那么，人们又是怎样一起组成乐队的呢？
Many musicians meet and form a band because they like to write and play their own music. 许多音乐家聚在一起组成乐队，是因为他们喜欢自己作曲，演奏自己的音乐。 They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame. 他们开始可能是一组中学生，在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步。 Sometimes they may play to passers-by in the street or subway so that they can earn some extra money for themselves or to pay for their instruments. 有时他们可能在街上或在地铁里为过路人演奏，这样他们可以为自己或自己要买的乐器多挣一些钱。Later they may give performances in pubs or clubs, for which they are paid in cash. 后来，他们可能在酒吧或者俱乐部里演出，这样他们可以得到现金。Of course they hope to make records in a studio and sell millions of copies to become millionaires! 当然，他们希望在录音棚里录音，然后卖掉上百万张碟，从而成为百万富翁。
However, there was one band hat started in a different way. 然而，也有一个用不同方式组建起来的乐队。 It was called the Monkees and began as a TV show. 这支乐队叫“门基乐队”，它开始时是以电视节目表演的形式出现的。 The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of which was based loosely on the beatles. 组成乐队的音乐人演奏音乐，还彼此打趣逗笑。这些玩笑和音乐大多都在模仿“甲壳虫”乐队。The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. 电视制作人原计划想寻找四位会唱会表演的乐手。They put an advertisement in a newspaper looking for rock musicians, but they could only find one who was good enough. 他们在报纸上登了一则广告，想招摇滚乐手，但他们只招到一个满意的。They had to use actors for the other three members of the band.乐队的其他三人只能用演员来代替。
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As some of these actors could not sing well enough, they had to rely on other musicians to help them. 因为这些演员中有些人唱得不是很好，他们不得不依靠队里的其他人帮助。So during the broadcasts they just pretended to sing. 所以在演出的时候他们只是假唱。Anyhow their performances were humorous enough to be copied by clubs in order to get more familiar with them. 不管怎样，他们的表演非常幽默以至于其他的乐队也开始模仿。他们非常走红使得歌迷们为了更加熟悉他们而成立了俱乐部。 Each week on TV, the Mondees would play and sing songs written by other musicians. 门基乐队每个星期都要在电视上演唱由别的音乐家创作的歌曲。However, after a year or so in which they became more serious about their work, the Monkees started to play and sing their own songs like a real band. 然而，经过大约一年以后，门基乐队逐渐对自己的工作认真起来，他们开始像一支真正的乐队那样演唱自己创作的歌曲。 Then they produced their own records and started touring and play their own music. 然后他们录制自己的唱片，并且开始巡回表演他们自己的音乐。 In the USA they became even more popular than the Beatles and sold even more records. 在美国，他们甚至比“甲壳虫”乐队还要受欢迎，出售的录音专辑还要多。 The band broke up about 1970, but happily the reunited in the mid-1980s. “门基乐队”大约在1970年左右解散，但是令人高兴的是，到80年代中期他们再次聚首。they produced a new record in 1996, with which they celebrated their former time as a real band. 在1996年，他们推出了一张新的专辑，以此来庆祝他们真正成为乐队以来的那段时光。
（二）重点短语
1. dream of/ about 梦想，想要
2. at a concert在音乐会上
3. to be honest 老实说，说实话
4. attach v.系上，附上，附加，连接 attach … to …. 附上，连接
attach importance/value/significance/weight to认为…有重要性/价值/意义/分量(to为介词)
be attached to连在...上, 附属于；热爱, 依恋
5. form the habit of doing sth.形成…的习惯
6. give performances 演出
7. be paid in cash 得到现金
8. earn v.赚，挣得，赢 earn extra money挣外快 earn/make a/one’s living谋生 make/earn money挣钱
9. rely on/upon=depend on/upon 依靠 rely on sb. doing sth.= rely on to do sth. 指望/依靠某人做… rely on it that从句 相信，指望… reliable (adj.)可依赖的，可靠的
10.during the broadcasts 在播出的时候 live television broadcast实况电视广播, 现场电视广播
11. be familiar to为…所熟悉get/be familiar with=have a good knowledge of 熟悉, 通晓, 精通
12. in addition=what’s more 另外，加之，此外in addition to…=besides除…之外还
13. break up 解散，解体；打碎；（关系） 破碎,；分裂, 结束, 衰落,驱散；分手
break down破坏，损坏；停住运转，出故障；精神崩溃，身体垮掉；（中途）抛锚break in插话，打断 break into 破门而入 break out突然发生，（疾病、火灾战争等）爆发 break off 突然停止或中断说话；断裂 break away逃走，脱离出去
14. play jokes on=play a joke on耍弄，开玩笑 make fun of取笑 laugh at嘲笑
15. a year or so 大约一年
16. go away离去, 带走(with)
17. mix up搅匀(拌和,混淆,搞乱)
18. sort out分类;整理;区分;解决(问题) sort…into…把…分类，整理 all sorts of各种各样的 19. in brief简言之，一言以蔽之 in short综上所述 to be brief简单地说 briefly(adv.)简要地
20. devotion (n.)投入，热爱 devoted(adj.) 忠实的，深爱的 devote(v.) 献身，专心于
devote oneself to献身，致力，专心于 be devoted to专心于 devote…to…把…用于/献给
21. afterwards随后，后来 forward(s) 向前 backward(s)向后
22. as soon as一…就…
23. be confident about/of/in对…有信心
24. on a brief tour 短暂的巡演
25. went wrong.出错了25. be sensitive to对…敏感
26. come up with提出,想出（主意，计划，答案）
27. stick to 坚持，忠于，信守（原则，计划，决定，诺言，意见等） 注：to为介词
insist on坚持（建议，看法，主张等）
28. above all首先，最重要的是first of all首先，第一
29.pretend假装，伪装 pretend to be+ adj./n.假装是 pretend to do假装做 pretend to be doing假装正在做pretend to have done假装已做过… pretend that从句 假装…
（三）重点句型
1.Sometimes they may play to passers-by in the street or subway so that they can earn some extra money for themselves or to pay for their instruments.有时他们可能在街上或地铁里为过路人演奏，这样他们可以为自己或自己要买的乐器多挣一些钱。
They were so popular that their fans formed clubs in order to get familiar with them. 他们非常走红使得歌迷们为了更加熟悉他们而成立了俱乐部。
So that“以便，为了” so…that…“如此…以致于…”
（四）语法“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词后面的宾语时,有时可把介词提到关系代词的前面，但这时如果先行词是人，要用“介词+whom”引导定语从句；如果先行词是物，要用“介词+which”引导定语从句。且关系代词都不能省略。Eg:
(1) The girl whom I borrowed the bike from is my friend.
(2) The girl from whom I borrowed the bike is my friend.
(3) How is the film about which I often talked to you?
(4) Is this the room in which Mr. Smith lives?
注意：一些固定的含有介词的短语动词在定语从句中不能拆开，即不能把介词放关系词前。
(1) This is the bag which he is looking for .
(2) The old lady whom she is looking after is her teacher.
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