2021年北京高三下学期3月综合能力测试
英语逐题解析
本试卷共12页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Ask 3-year-old Wolfy about his future plans, and you’ll quickly discover this kid's aspirations area lot more down to earth.
问3岁的沃尔夫关于他未来的计划，你很快就会发现这个孩子的愿望更现实。
His obsession? Garbage trucks and the men who drive and___1___them.
他的困扰吗?垃圾车和开垃圾车装垃圾的人。
Up until recently, due to a pandemic, Wolfy was spending most days at home. His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day, of course. Every Friday morning, Wolfy___2___waited for his beloved garbage trucks to make their run up his street. Under his parents supervision, Wolfy became something of a _____3_____to the trash collectors. To Wolfy, these men are superheroes. Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.”
直到最近，由于一场大流行，沃尔夫大部分时间都呆在家里。他最喜欢的一天当然是周五的垃圾收集日。每个星期五的早晨，沃尔夫都急切地等待着他心爱的垃圾车在他的街道上行驶。在他父母的监督下，沃尔夫成为了垃圾收集者的乐趣。对沃尔夫来说，这些人都是超级英雄。其中的两个DJ和德鲁，成为了他的好朋友，为他和他的垃圾队赢得了“狼群”的绰号。
Wolfy's parents knew they weren't able to throw him a big birthday party.___4___，they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake. Wolfy's ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. ! he___5___.
On the morning of September 9, four bright green garbage trucks, horns honking, rolled their way up the street to the delight of the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family.
“The guys came___6___gifts, howling out their windows and took time to play with Wolfy, ”his mom posted to her Facebook page. “He even got to honk the horn!
Does it get any better!?”
The superheroes climbed down from their trucks to celebrate Wolfy's birthday. After they___7___the little boy with trash-related gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks, Wolfy's garbage collecting heroes drove off to their other appointed rounds.
Wolfy's mom, more than a little impressed, ____8____ her feelings, saying, “These are really kind gentle___9___who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”
They're the next generation to come, so seeing them enthusiastic about something even as_____10_____as what we do in our everyday lives brings meaning and shows the importance of what everyone does in society.
1. A. clean B. load
C. repair D. collect
2. A. eagerly B. hesitantly
C. patiently D. naturally
3. A. joy B. pity
C. desire D. trouble
4. A. Besides B. Further
C. Instead D. Otherwise
5. A. complained B. ordered
C. rejected D. declared
6. A. arranging B. bearing
C. enjoying D. advertising
7. A. amused B. equipped
C. prepared D. showered
8. A. put up B. made up
C. broke up D. summed up
9. A. souls B. leader’s
C. instructors D. colleagues
10. A. boring B. annoying
C. simple D. significant
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C
【刘凯老师解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述小男孩Wolfy对垃圾车和收集垃圾的人很着迷，他认为他们就是超级英雄，收集垃圾的人也对Wolfy的热情给予了很大回应，并且在他生日的那天给了他特殊的礼物和庆祝方式。
【刘凯老师详解第1题】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他所痴迷的是什么？垃圾车和开垃圾车装垃圾的人。A. clean打扫；B. load装载；C. repair修理；D. collect收集。根据下文“His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day”可知，Wolfy痴迷于开着垃圾车装垃圾的人。故选B项。
【刘凯老师详解第2题】考查副词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫急切地等待着他心爱的垃圾车在他的街道上行驶。A. eagerly急切地；B. hesitantly犹豫地；C. patiently耐心地；D. naturally自然地。根据上文“His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day”可知，Wolfy最喜欢的是垃圾收集的那一天，因此他等待收垃圾车在街上行驶的心情是急切的。故选A项。
【刘凯老师详解第3题】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他父母的监督下，沃尔夫成为了垃圾收集者的乐趣。A. joy乐趣；B. pity遗憾；C. desire欲望；D. trouble麻烦。根据下文“Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.””可知，垃圾收集者们喜欢Wolfy，因此他成为他们的乐趣。故选A项。
【刘凯老师详解第4题】考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们告诉他，他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。A. Besides此外；B. Further进一步地；C. Instead相反；D. Otherwise否则。前文的“Wolfy's parents knew they weren't able to throw him a big birthday party.”和下文的“they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake.”为转折关系，他的父母知道他们无法为他举办大的生日派对，但是他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。故选C项。
【刘凯老师详解第5题】考查动词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫理想的宾客名单是显而易见的。“Drew和D.J.!”他宣称。A. complained抱怨；B. ordered命令；C. rejected拒绝；D. declared宣布。根据“Wolfy's ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. !””可知，当父母说他可以邀请几个朋友来吃蛋糕时，他宣布了他的宾客名单。故选D项。
【刘凯老师详解第6题】考查动词词义辨析。句意：大伙儿带着礼物来了，在窗户外叫着，花时间和沃尔夫玩。A. arranging安排；B. bearing携带；C. enjoying享受；D. advertising广告。根据上文“rolled their way up the street to the delight of the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family.”可知，Wolfy的朋友们来给他过生日，可以推断他们带着礼物。故选B项。
【刘凯老师详解第7题】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们给小男孩送了很多垃圾相关的礼物，分享了蛋糕，玩了玩具卡车之后，沃尔夫的垃圾收集英雄们就开车去了其他指定的地方。A. amused娱乐；B. equipped装备；C. prepared准备；D. showered大量地给予。根据下文“the little boy with trash-related gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks,”可知，Wolfy的朋友们对他的生日很重视，因此给他送了很多礼物。故选D项。
【刘凯老师详解第8题】考查动词短语辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上原由网的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. put up张贴；B. made up弥补；C. broke up打碎；D. summed up总结。根据下文“These are really kind gentle___9___who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”可知，接下来是Wolfy的妈妈在这些人对Wolfy做了这么多事情之后的感受，属于总结性的话语。故选D项。
【刘凯老师详解第9题】考查名词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. souls灵魂；B. leaders领导；C. instructors讲师；D. colleagues同事。根据下文“who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”可知，Wolfy的妈妈认为这些人充满正能量，所以他们是温柔善良的灵魂。故选A项。
【刘凯老师详解第10题】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是下一代人，所以看到他们对我们日常生活中所做的这么简单的事情充满热情，就意味着意义，也表明了每个人在社会中所做的事情的重要性。A.vLcIGSljHE boring无聊的；B. annoying令人恼怒的； C. simple简单的；D. significant有意义的。根据前文“something even”可知，收垃圾是如此的简单的事情，他们却对此充满着热情，这给了人们希望。故选C项。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
A little girl ran to her bedroom and pulled out her piggy bank from a secret drawer in her closet. She___11___(break) the piggy bank，took the change and counted it cautiously. Three times， even. The total had to be exactly perfect as there shouldn’t be any chance for mistake here.
She____12____(careful) placed the coins in a jar，twisted on the cap and then slipped out of the back door. She made her way six blocks to a drug store. She waited patiently for the pharmacist____13____(give) her some attention but he was too busy attending other customers at that moment.____14____ she tried several times to get his attention，she wasn’t successful.
一个小女孩跑到她的卧室，从壁橱的一个秘密抽屉里拿出了她的储蓄罐。她打破了存钱罐，拿了零钱，小心地数着。甚至三次,。总数必须完全准确，因为这里不应该有任何出错的机会。
她小心翼翼地把硬币放进一个罐子里，把盖子拧上，然后溜出了后门。她走了六个街区到了一家药店。她耐心地等待药剂师的注意，但药剂师此时正忙于照顾其他顾客。尽管她几次试图引起他的注意，但都没有成功。
【答案】
11. broke 12. carefully 13. to give 14. Although/Though
【刘凯老师解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一个小姑娘拿零花钱去买药的故事。
【刘凯老师详解第11题】考查时态。句意：她打破了储蓄罐，拿了零钱，仔细数了数。根据空后“ took the change and counted…”可知，此处并列连词and连接并列的谓语动词，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情。故填broke。
【刘凯老师详解第12题】考查副词。句意：她小心翼翼地把硬币放进一个罐子里，拧上盖子，然后从后门溜了出去。空处需用副词作状语修饰动词placed，careful的副词为carefully“小心地”。故填carefully。
【刘凯老师详解第13题】考查动词不定式。句意：她耐心地等待药剂师的注意，但药剂师此时正忙于照顾其他顾客。wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事，固定搭配，此处动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to give。
【刘凯老师详解第14题】考查连词。句意：虽然她试了好几次想引起他的注意，但都没有成功。根据前后句意可知，空处需用从属连词although/though“虽然”引导让步状语从句，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Although/Though。
B
Chime bells, bin zhng,are the most majestic and holy ancient instrument in China. As a symbol of power,they____15____(use) for sacrificial ceremonies or other crucial ceremonies. Starting 3,500 years ago,bin zhng,were composed of bells____16____different scales. The bells are played by mallets (木槌) and create the sounds of seven musical scales, much like the piano. What's more amazing is that one bell can generate two notes when____17____(strike) at different spots. Its exquisite cast and pure sound revealed the high level of ancient Chinese civilization and wisdom.
编钟，bin zhng，是中国最庄严神圣的古代乐器。作为权力的象征，它们被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式。从3500年前开始，bin zhng就由不同规模的钟组成。这些钟由木槌演奏，发出七个音阶的声音，很像钢琴。更令人惊奇的是，一个钟在不同的地方敲出两个音符。它精湛的铸造和纯净的声音显示了中国古代文明和智慧的高度水平。
【答案】15. were used 16. in 17. struck
【刘凯老师解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了古老乐器编钟的神奇之处。
【刘凯老师详解第15题】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：作为权力的象征，编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式。根据句意可知，此处表示过去编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是复数they，所以be动词需用were。故填were used。
【刘凯老师详解第16题】考查介词。句意：从3500年前开始，编钟由不同音阶的钟组成。此处表示以不同的音阶构成，所以空处需用介词in，in different scales以不同音阶，固定搭配。故填in。
【刘凯老师详解第17题】考查非谓语动词和省略。句意：更令人惊奇的是，一个钟在不同的地方敲击时能发出两个音符。分析句子结构可知，空处when引导的时间状语从句省略了主语one bell，此处表示被敲击，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，因为when从句的主语和主句一致，且含be动词，所以此处省略one bell was，空处需用过去分词struck。故填struck。
C
In the paper Power Gets You High by Gerben Van Kleef，he claims that high-power individuals tend to experience____18____(few) social restrictions and more resource-rich environments compared to their lower power counterparts. This means that people with a perceived high level of power are more likely to dismiss established social constructs. Whether it's intentional or not，high-power people place____19____(them) socially at a distance and tend to act on their own concepts，___20___they believe will help them gain control over valued resources.
在格本范克利夫的论文《权力让你High》中，他声称，与权力较低的人相比，拥有高权力的人往往会经历较少的社会限制和更多资源丰富的环境。这意味着，拥有较高权力的人更有可能摒弃既定的社会结构。无论这是否是有意的，拥有高权力的人在社会上与自己保持距离，并倾向于按照自己的观念行事，他们认为这将帮助他们获得对有价值的资源的控制。
【答案】18. fewer 19. themselves 20. which
【刘凯老师解析】这是一篇说明文。文章给我们解释了为何高权力者的社会限制较少。
【刘凯老师详解第18题】考查形容词的比较级。句意：在Gerben Van Kleef的论文Power Gets You High中，他声称，与权力较低的人相比，权力较高的人往往经历较少的社会限制和资源丰富的环境。根据空后“more resource-rich …”可知，空处形容词few需用其比较级形式fewer，表示较少的社会限制。故填fewer。
【刘凯老师详解第19题】考查代词。句意：不管是有意还是无意，高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，倾向于按照自己的观念行事，他们相信这将帮助他们获得对宝贵资源的控制。此处指高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，所以空处需用them的反身代词themselves作宾语。故填themselves。
【刘凯老师详解第20题】考查定语从句。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是concepts，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，此处they believe是插入成分，所以空处需用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Constantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop? You are not alone. Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone.
总是后悔在手机上花了太多时间，又停不下来?你并不孤单。诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助你更好地使用手机。
Step it down gradually
The urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. For some， going a few minutes without checking their phone is difficult. If this sounds like you， try to go 15 minutes without doing it. Once you realize this is possible， increasevLcIGSljHE the length of time you avoid checking to 30 minutes， an hour， and then a few hours， or a day.
查看手机的冲动会变成条件反射和习惯。对一些人来说，几分钟不看手机是很困难的。如果这听起来像你，试着不做15分钟。一旦你意识到这是可能的，把你避免查看的时间增加到30分钟，一个小时，然后几个小时，或者一天。
Monitor usage
Download an app that will tell you how much time you're spending online. This could make you aware of a problem—the first step to a solution.
下载一个可以告诉你花了多少时间上网的应用程序。这会让你在解决问题的第一步就意识到问题的存在。
Buy an alarm clock
Don’t use your phone as an alarm， or you might be tempted(诱惑) to check texts and emails last thing at night and as soon as you wake up. Instead， ban phones from the bedroom. Designate bedtimes and mealtimes as smartphone-free zones. Consider buying a clock， so you're no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the time.
不要把手机当闹钟，否则你可能会忍不住在晚上一醒来就查看短信和邮件。相反，禁止在卧室里使用手机。将就寝时间和用餐时间指定为无智能手机区域。考虑买个时钟，这样当你查看时间的时候就不会被邮件和短信诱惑了。
Spring clean your contacts
How many online friends do you actually speak to? Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused apps， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time.
你到底和多少网友聊天?删除社交网站上的联系人、删除不用的应用程序、取消订阅那些没什么好处的群组，可以减少提醒和干扰。考虑删除任何占用你大量时间的游戏。
Learn to wait
Be mindful of the benefits of not regularly checking your phone. People who react to messages as they arrive tend to write longer responses than those who wait and deal with them all as a block. Waiting will gain you time to spend on other activities.
注意不定期查看手机的好处。那些一收到消息就回复的人比那些等待并将所有消息作为一个块处理的人更倾向于写更长的回复。等待会让你有时间去做其他事情。
21. According to the passage， which of the following can help ban phones from the bed ?
A. Monitoring usage.B. Using a clock.
C. Cleaning contacts.D. Learning to wait.
22. It can be learnt from the passage that_________.
A. games take up more time than other apps
B. reacting to messages in time is important
C. people are often tempted to use cell phones
D. people shouldn’t check emails by cell phones
23. The purpose of the article is to_________.
A. introduce ways to manage phone usages
B. emphasize the harm of using cellphones
C. persuade readers to get rid of cellphones
D. explain multiple functions of cellphones
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A
【刘凯老师解析】本文是一篇说明文。诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助我们更好地使用手机。
【21题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Buy an alarm clock中的“Consider buying a clock， so you're no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the time.(考虑买个时钟，这样当你查看时间的时候就不会被邮件和短信诱惑了。)”可知，使用闹钟有助于阻止你在床上使用手机。故选B。
【22题详解】推理判断题题。根据文章第一段“Constantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop?(总是后悔在手机上花了太多时间，又停不下来?)”、Step it down gradually中的“The urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. (查看手机的冲动会变成条件反射和习惯。)”和Spring clean your contacts中的“Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused apps， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time. (删除社交网站上的联系人、删除不用的应用程序、取消订阅那些没什么好处的群组，可以减少提醒和干扰。考虑删除任何占用你大量时间的游戏。)”可推断，人们经常被诱惑使用手机。故选C。
【23题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone. (诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助你更好地使用手机。)”及全文可推断，本文的目的是介绍管理电话使用的方法。故选A。
C
More often than I care to admit， I’ll walk from one room to another with a clear vision in mind of whatever原由网 I need to do once I get there,but then I get there and can't remember why l started. The only thing that happened between my first movement and my last is that I walked through a doorway. Surely that has nothing at all to do with forgetting something I knew just moments before， right? Wrong， says new research. As it turns out,walking through a doorway exerts an imperceptible influence on memory. In fact, merely imagining walking through a doorway can zap (影响) memory.
Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory,Our brains record memories in segments, or episodes, rather than as a continuous event. Walking through a doorway triggers memory segmentation, like a video editor inserting a momentary pause between scenes.
Even more curious is that imagining walking through a doorway has a similar effect. The research team brought two groups of participants into a larger room, One group experienced the room as a continuous space； the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway. The groups were then shown a picture of an unusually shaped object before closing their eyes and imagining walking across the room they'd seen earlier. The first group imagined the room as a big space with no physical dividers； the other imagined walking through the draped doorway. They were then asked to jog their memories and pick out the picture of the object from a set often images. As predicted， the group that imagined walking through a doorway performed significantly worse on the memory lest than the other group.
And this gets even weirder. If right now I started telling you a story about a boy and his dog, going on for a few paragraphs detailing all the things this boy and his dog do together， and then I suddenly inserted a phrase like “A few hours later...”——do you think your recall of what I just told you about the boy and his dog might be better or worse? Worse! Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway.
What all of this tells us is that our brains operate with certain mechanical dynamics that we generally only glimpse when they hiccup. So the next time you can't remember why you walked from //www.58yuanyou.comone room to another， don’t be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memory divider.
28.What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. Research subjects.
B. Research findings.
C. Research process.
D. Research significance.
29. It can be learnt from the passage that____________.
A. an imaginary doorway harms the brain
B. certain verbal language influences memory
C. brains record memories as a continuous event.
D. going back to a doorway helps regain I lost memory.
30. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Approaches to improve memory.
B. Factors that cause people's memory loss.
C. Ways to handle memory loss regarding doorways.
D. Reasons why people forget while entering a doorway.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D
【刘凯老师解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们进门忘事的原因——大脑误解了来自环境的指令。
【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“The research team brought two groups of participants into a large room， One group experienced the room as a continuous space； the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway.”（研究小组让两组参与者进入一个大的房间，一组体验的房间是一个连续的空间；另一组在设置了分隔窗帘模拟门口后穿过房间。）可知，本段是在介绍实验的过程。故选C项。
【29题详解】推理判断题。倒数第二段“Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway.”（研究表明，在叙述的地方，在事件之间插入时间边界的短语，就像一道门一样，在记忆中划分了精神分界线。）可推断，某些语言会影响记忆。故选B项。
【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory， Our brains record memories in segments， or episodes， rather than as a continuous event.”（这项最新研究的研究人员从一项早期研究中得到了线索，该研究表明，穿过一扇门似乎在记忆中插入了一个精神分割器，我们的大脑以片段或情节来记录记忆，而不是以连续的事件来记录。）以及最后一段“So the next time you can't remember why you walked from one room to another， don’t be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memory divider.”（因此，下次当你记不起为什么从一个房间走到另一个房间时，不要惊慌。只需提醒自己，你的大脑只是误解了来自环境的指令，认为门口意味着你需要一个记忆分隔器。）及全文可知，本文主要是讲述了我们进门忘事的原因。故选D项。
D
Empathy can give purpose to our lives and truly comfort people in distress, hut it can also do great harm. While showing an empathetic response to the tragedy and trauma of others can be helpful, it can also, if misdirected, turn us into what Professor James Dawes has called “emotional parasites.”
Empathy can make people angry — perhaps dangerously so — if they mistakenly perceive that another person is threatening a person they care for. For example, while at a public gathering, you notice a heavyset, casually dressed man who you think is “staring” at your pre-teenage daughter. While the man has remained expressionless and has not moved from his spot, your empathetic understanding of what he “might” be thinking of doing to your daughter drives you into a state of rage. While there was nothing in the man's expression or body language that should have led you to believe he intended to harm your daughter, your empathetic understanding of what was
Probably “going on inside his head” took you there, Danish family therapist Jesper Juul has referred to empathy and aggression (攻击性) as “existential twins.”
For years, psychologists have reported cases of overly empathetic patients endangering the well-being of themselves and their families by giving away their life savings to random needy individuals. Such overly empathetic people who feel they are somehow responsible for the distress of others have developed an empathy-based guilt.
The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come at the cost or may have even caused another person's misery.
According to psychologist Lynn O’Connor, persons who regularly act out of empathy-based guilt, tend to develop mild depression in later-life.
Psychologists warn that empathy should never be confused with love. While love can make any relationship-good or bad — better, empathy cannot and can even hasten the end of a strained relationship. Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot.
Rehabilitation and trauma counselor Mark Stebnicki coined the term “empathy fatigue” to refer to a state of physical exhaustion resulting from repeated or prolonged personal involvement in the chronic illness, disability, trauma, grief, and loss of others.
While more common among mental health counselors, any overly empathetic person can experience “empathy fatigue”. According to Stebnicki, “high touch” professionals like doctors, nurses, lawyers, and teachers tend to suffer from empathy fatigue, Paul Bloom, Ph.D., professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University, goes so far as to suggest that due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.
31. Empathy and aggression are regarded as “existential twins” because___________.
A. empathy can make people angry
B. empathy can be easily misunderstood
C. aggressive people often show more empathy
D. empathy and aggression always come together
32. According to the passage, what might be an example of empathy-based guilt?
A. People give away their savings to charity
B. One feels sorry for not paying off the debt.
C. One feels guilty for his/her own happiness.
D. Patients feel bad for having to be attended.
33. What might be the author’s attitude towards showing empathy?
A. Approving.
B. Neutral.
C. Optimistic.
D. Critical.
34. Which of the following would the author most likely agree with?
A. It might be better if we show less empathy.
B. Empathy and love both help boost happiness.
C. Empathy fatigue leads to illness and disability.
D. Well-meant empathy won't damage a relationship.
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A
【刘凯老师解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了同理心带来的危害以及由同理心衍生出来的一些心理问题。
【31题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Empathy can make people angry — perhaps dangerously so — if they mistakenly perceive that another person is threatening a person they care for.(同理心会让人生气——也许是危险的——如果他们错误地认为另一个人正在威胁他们关心的人)”可知，同理心和攻击性被认为是“存在双胞胎”因为同理心会让人生气。故选A项。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come at the cost or may have even caused another person’s misery.( 众所周知的“幸存者内疚感”是一种基于同理心的内疚感，在这种情况下，有同理心的人错误地认为自己的幸福是以牺牲或甚至可能导致他人的痛苦为代价的)”可知，同理心负罪感的一个例子是一个人为自己的幸福感到内疚。故选C项。
【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot.(从本质上说，爱可以治愈，同理心不能)”以及最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可推知，作者对于表现同理心是批评的态度。故选D项。
【34题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可知，我们应该少点同理心。故选A项。
第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节 阅读表达(共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)。
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
When you type CEO，CFO or CTO on your computer，notice what comes up. It is an emoji of a man in a suit. Shocking， right? Even an emoji can strengthen gendered stereotypes. However， most of us wouldn’t even notice. The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases，
Unconscious biases are everywhere. From the neighborhood we choose，the close friends we have，to the people we date. Though most of us have difficulty acknowledging it，we all do it. Gender，ethnicity，disability， profession etc.，all influence the assessments we make of people and form the basis of our relationship with others，and the world at large，
A Yale University study found that male and female scientists were more likely to hire men and pay them ＄4，000 more per year than women. Other research has shown that a science faculty rated male applicants for a laboratory manager position as significantly more competent and hirable than female applicants，Faculty also selected a higher starting salary and offered more career mentoring to the male applicant.
When this was explicitly pointed out to them，the faculty members were often shocked，as they hadn't realized their own internalized biases.
In a 2003 study，Sendhil and Marianne Bertrand，at the University of Chicago，mailed thousands of identical resumes to employers with job openings and measured which ones were called back for interviews. They randomly used stereotypically African-American names on some and stereotypically white names on others. They were shocked to find that roughly 50 percent were more likely to result in a call back for an interview if it had a “white” name.
This is what confirmation bias is，where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do. This bias happens in a split-second，so while to an outsider，the bias maybe evident，the one holding this bias may or may not be doing so intentionally，
Even when we say that we are all open-minded and not prejudiced，it is clear these biases still creep upon us. This is why we need to examine our biases and be mindful of our hidden prejudices and the way they manifest themselves in words and actions.
40. Why does the writer use the example of “CEO， CFO， CTO” in Para， 1?
41. What does Para. 3 mainly tell us?
42. What is confirmation bias?
43. Do you consider yourself biased? Why or why not? (About 40 words)
【答案】40. To lead in the topic (of gendered stereotype/bias).
41. Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may not even realize that we are biased. 或People generally give males more benefits in the job market.
42. Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.或Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings.
43. Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are not in general good at math or science.
【刘凯老师解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了偏见和刻板印象存在于生活中各个角落，而很多人没有意识到自己怀有偏见。
【40题详解】考查推理判断。根据第一段“The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases（隐藏的偏见和刻板印象形成了这种设计，而这些图像反过来又助长了这种偏见）”可知，作者在第一段中使用“CEO， CFO， CTO”的例子是为了引出本文关于偏见的主题，故答案为To lead in the topic (of gendered stereotype/bias).
【41题详解】考查主旨大意。根据第三段内容（耶鲁大学的一项研究发现，男性和女性科学家雇佣男性的可能性更大，而且他们的年薪比女性高4000美元。其他研究表明，一个科学系的教师对实验室经理职位的男性申请者的评价明显高于女性申请者，教师也选择了更高的起薪，并为男性申请者提供更多的职业指导）可知，本段主要讲的是人们通常给男性好处更多的就业市场，也说明性别偏见无处不在/有时我们甚至意识不到我们有偏见，故答案为Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may not even realize that we are biased. 或People generally give males more benefits in the job market.
【42题详解】考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“This is what confirmation bias is， where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.（这就是确认性偏见，即人们更有可能选择或将积极的品质与更像自己的人或与自己属于同一个社会和种族的人联系起来）”可知，confirmation bias指的是人们喜欢和自己相似的人联系，故答案为Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.或Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings.
【43题详解】主观题。本题为主观题，答案不唯一，供参考：Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are not in general good at math or science.
【刘凯老师解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给英国笔友Jim回信探讨“读书”的话题。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时和现在完成时,少量一般现在时。
结构：总分总法
要求：
1.你的阅读经历；
2.你的阅读收获；
3.你对阅读的看法。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
more than；share…with…；burst out；be absorbed in；get a new insight into；provide…with…；far away；range from；in hand；belong to；in return；get along with；look forward to
第三步：连词成句
1. I’m so glad to know that you also love reading and I am more than happy to share my experience and thoughts on reading with you.
2. When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations.
3. I would unconsciously burst out laughing or frown with concern about the character in the book.
4. Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe.
5. While reading, I even got a new insight into myself.
6. Even though I encountered difficulties sometimes, nothing swayed my enthusiasm about reading.
7. Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading.
8. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely.
8. With books in hand, I’ve really got a colorful world belonging to myself.
9. Through that world, I get courage in times of challenge, and I feel love and warmth in the midst of adversity.
10. Further, I have found my role model and a goal I decide to pursue in my future life.
11. Reading is a best friend. You need to treat it patiently with your sincere love.
12. In return, reading will bring you a whole new world to get along with, which makes you a complete person.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last(供参考)
2.表并列补充关系：Further, not only…but (also)
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…(供参考)
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result (供参考)
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
【点睛】[高分句型1] When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations.(when引导时间状语从句)
[高分句型2] Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. (where引导非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型3] Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. (not only…but also…连接并列句)
刘凯老师介绍
刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。
北京市优秀青年教师，北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师，多年高中一线执教经验，高三年级把关教师，多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作，教学理念先进，教学成果突出，多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作，参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作，有丰富的备考经验，国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。
教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。
2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。
海外生活学习十年，社科人文类学科偏爱者；10年雅思教龄，知名教师培训师；指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读，平均分数7.5分；独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法；每年雅思考试均在10次以上；均分8+；真题回忆准确度97%以上；贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作；善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言，为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。
资深考研培训讲师；
英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；
雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；
六级考试阅卷组成员；
深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。
呼吁国人学习英语的态度：
重复是记忆之母。
用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有好的记忆。
中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。
上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席
教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门
