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第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）
第一节 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
For most of her life, Anna Mary Roberts worked very hard making a living on a farm. She began to paint (1) ______ her seventies. She displayed her artworks in her town at age eighty. The paintings (2) ______ (notice) by an art collector, (3) ______ recognized Anna’s remarkable talent. He bought all the paintings on display. Later, three of her paintings were exhibited in a well-known art museum in New York City. Soon, people around the world (4) ______ (hear) of Anna and her delightful artworks. People loved looking at the old-fashioned scenes that Anna had created.
1.
【答案】 in
【解析】 本题考查介词；in her seventies这个固定结构表示“在她七十岁的时候”；故正确答案是in。
2.
【答案】 were noticed
【解析】 本题考查时态语态；前边主语paintings为可数名词复数形式，故谓语动词也用复数形式，时态应该与前后句保持一致，用一般过去；句意上为她的画被一位收藏家注意到，所以用被动；故正确答案是were noticed。
3.
【答案】 who
【解析】 本题考查定从引导词；逗号前的句子结构完整，横线上的词指代前边的人物（收藏家），在后面句子中充当主语，并且连接前后两句，故考虑定语从句的引导词who；故正确答案是who。
4.
【答案】 heard
【解析】 本题考查时态语态；句子中缺少谓语动词，并且时态跟前后句保持一致，句意为全世界的人很快就听说了她和她的作品，所以用一般过去时的主动形式；故正确答案是heard。
B
Legos are popular with kids. But (5) ______ (make) them can hurt the environment. Why? Legos are made of plastic. The plastic is made from oil. That is a nonrenewable resource. Recently, Lego (6) ______ (introduce) earth-friendly pieces. They are made of plastic taken from sugarcane. That is a renewable material. The green pieces are part of a bigger plan for Lego. The company plans to use renewable materials in all its (7) ______ (toy) by 2030. The actions the company takes today can have an influence on the planet of tomorrow.
5.
【答案】 making/to make
【解析】 本题考查非谓语动词；句子中已经有谓语动词can hurt，此处应该填写非谓语作主语；可以用动名词，也可以用不定式作主语；故正确答案是making/to make。
6.
【答案】 has introduced/introduced
【解析】 本题考查时态语态；根据前面的recently（最近），这里可以理解为：在刚刚过去的不久，所以可以用一般过去时introduced；也可理解为对现在的影响或者结果，所以也可以使用has introduced；故正确答案是introduced/has introduced。
7.
【答案】 toys
【解析】 本题考查名词；根据前面的不定代词all，后面应该使用可数名词的复数形式；故正确答案是toys。
C
Many organizations try to inspire people (8) ______ (do) kind acts, wherever and whenever they can. The idea behind this is that it doesn’t take any major plan to be kind, just a little bit of effort. Perhaps the strongest supporter of this idea is the Random Acts of Kindness Foundation. It operates under the beliefs that kindness can be taught and that it is (9) ______ (easy) spread. Its activities range from suggesting kind acts to allowing its website-users to officially register (10) ______ (they) as activists of kindness.
8.
【答案】 to do
【解析】 本题考查非谓语动词；此处非谓语动词作宾语，固定短语inspire sb. to do sth表示鼓励某人做某事；故正确答案是to do。
9.
【答案】 easily
【解析】 本题考查副词；需要用副词修饰后面的动词spread，表示容易传播；故正确答案是easily。
10.
【答案】 themselves
【解析】 本题考查代词；此处句意为允许网络用户官方注册（他们自己）作为做好事的积极分子，故使用反身代词指代这些人他们自己；故正确答案是themselves。
第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Because I Was Told I Can
About six months ago, I joined a gym. Every morning, there is one personal trainer there who works out at the same time that my little group does our ______ (11). He does his “routine” with such a quiet determination that he makes it all look very easy, although I know all too well how hard he is working. Whenever I tend to complain and ______ (12), I watch him push himself to his own limits, and I find myself ______ (13) to work as hard and without complawww.58yuanyou.comint.
A couple of weeks ago, I was watching him do chin-ups. He made them look ______ (14). I broke away from my group and asked him if I could try a chin-up. I had never tried before, but he just made it look so easy. He eagerly stepped aside and ______ (15) me to step up to the bar. I ______ (16) myself up without thinking…once…then twice. That was all I had in me. I had no ______ (17) left. I told him that was all I had, so he stepped up behind me and pushed me ______ (18) for a third and fourth “pull”. It felt so good.
The next day when I was done with my workout, I asked him to spot me again. Again, I did ______ (19). Again on Day 3 and so on. I thought it was ______ (20) that I could only do two, but when I came to the gym at the end of the week, he was standing there just shaking his head. When I asked him what was up, he said he was ______ (21) with my chin-ups. He told me that when they are ______ (22) firefighters, the men are required to do five chin-ups, and women are required to do one or two. He ______ (23) that most people can’t do them at all, and that he was amazed that I ______ (24). He further told me that if I ______ (25) every day, I would be doing five or six in no time. At this point I should probably _____ (26) that I am 50 years old… and female.
Had he told me at the very beginning how ______ (27) it was, I more than likely would not have tried at all. ______ (28) I might have tried, but given it ______ (29) half an effort, because failure would have been the expectation. I applaud him for letting me believe that for me, it was not only a possibility, but that success was a ______ (30) expectation.
11. A. duty B. workout C. research D. project
12. A. fight B. apologize C. wait D. quit
13. A. motivated B. satisfied C. surprised D. challenged
14. A. unbelievable B. complex
C. helpful D. effortless
15. A. encouraged B. forced
C. persuaded D. ordered
16. A. pushed B. pulled C. raised D. carried
17. A. confidence B. breath C. strength D. faith
18. A. away B. over C. up D. forward
19. A. one B. two C. three D. four
20. A. lucky B. unfair C. funny D. pitiful
21. A. impressed B. busy C. bored D. strict
22. A. examining B. watching C. interviewing D. training
23. A. remembered B. announced
C. explained D. worried
24. A. could B. would C. should D. might
25. A. learned B. practised C. succeeded D. checked
26. A. complain B. argue C. add D. repeat
27. A. troublesome B. rewarding
C. enjoyable D. difficult
28. A. So B. And C. Or D. While
29. A. hardly B. only C. entirely D. nearly
30. A. realistic B. general C. vague D. traditional
11.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题是名词题；根据本句句义，“他在训练的同时我们小组也在做训练（workout）；”，以及第三段第一行workout同义词复现。其余选项含义为：duty（职责），research（调查研究），project（工程，项目）；故正确答案是B。
12.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据空前并列关系连词and以及前一个并列关系的动词complain（抱怨），可知此处也应该填负态度动词，quit，指“退出，放弃”。其余选项含义为：fight（打架；奋斗），apologize（道歉），wait（等待）；故正确答案是D。
13.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据上文“Whenever I tend to complain and quit, I watch him push himself to his own limits”，可知每当我想要抱怨并且放弃时，我发现我自己被他的行为激励（motivated）。其他选项含义为：satisfied（满意的），surprised（惊讶的），challenged（受到挑战的）；故正确答案是A。
14.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据第一段的he makes it all look very easy和本段的he just made it look so easy，因此选择effortless，意为“毫不费力的”。其余选项含义为：unbelievable（难以置信的），complex（复杂的），helpful（有帮助的）；故正确答案是D。
15.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据前文内容“I asked him if I could try a chin-up”可知，是我主动想要尝试，并非他来强迫我、劝说我、命令我，而应该是他鼓励（encourage）我尝试。其余选项含义为：force（强迫），persuade（劝说）；order（命令）；故正确答案是A。
16.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据本句的时间状语once和twice，以及下文的a third and fourth “pull”，可知此处应选pull，“拉动”。其余选项含义为：push（推动），raise（举起），carry（搬运）；故正确答案是B。
17.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题是名词题；根据前后句的that was all I had可知，此刻我已经用完了全部力气（strength）。其余选项含义为：confidence（信心）；breath（呼吸）；faith（信念）；故正确答案是C。
18.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题是副词题；根据上文内容可知，我需要pull myself up，向上拉动自己，但此时已经用完了全部力气，因此需要他来推动我向上。up，指“向上”，（chin-up中的up也是重要线索，chin-up指“引体向上”）。其余选项含义为：away（离开），over（越过），forward（向前）；故正确答案是C。
19.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题是名词题；根据上一段内容我在他的推动下只做了两个引体向上，和后文内容I could only do two以及本句的again可知，我每次只能做两个（two）引体向上。其余选项含义为：one（一个），three（三个），four（四个）；故正确答案是B。
20.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据本句的I could only do two（我只能做两个），再结合下文的转折关系连词but以及其后的正态度形容词amazed，可知此处应填负态度形容词，故选pitiful，意为“遗憾的”，其余选项含义为：lucky（幸运的），unfair（不公平的），funny（好笑的）；故正确答案是D。
21.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据后文当作者训练消防员时，大多数受训者根本无法完成，因此，教练对于我的表现，印象深刻。其余选项含义为：busy（忙碌的），bored（厌烦的），strict（严格的）；故正确答案是A。
22.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据后文，“男性受训者被要求完成五个引体向上，女性受训者被要求完成一到两个引体向上”, 可知，这是教练在训练消防员，因此选择training。其余选项含义为：examining（检查），watching（观看），interviewing（面试）；故正确答案是D。
23.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据后句句意“大多数受训者根本无法完成引体向上”可知，教练在解释并以此来肯定我的表现。其余选项含义为：remembered（回忆），announced（宣布），worried（担心）；故正确答案是C。
24.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题是情态动词题；根据文意，教练对于我所能够做到的事情表示惊喜。其余选项含义为：would（将会），shouldwww.58yuanyou.com（应该），might（或许）；故正确答案是A。
25.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据文意，“他继续告诉我，如果我每天锻炼，我会做到五个或六个”。其余选项含义为：learned（学到），succeeded（成功），checked（检查）；故正确答案是B。
26.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题是动词题；根据文意，“在这点上，我或许应该补充到，要等到我50岁，并且变成一个女人”，形容对我而言，难度很高。其余选项含义为：complain（抱怨），argue（争论），repeat（重复）；故正确答案是C。
27.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据文意，“如果在一开始我被告知引体向上是难度很高的，那么我或许都不会去尝试”。虚拟语气来表达作者的主观想法。其余选项含义为：troublesome（让人厌烦的），rewarding（值得的），enjoyable（高兴的）；故正确答案是D。
28.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题是连词题；根据文意，“或者我可能会尝试，但是仅仅付出一半的努力”。其余选项含义为：so（因此），and（并且），while（尽管）；故正确答案是C。
29.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题是副词题；根据文意，“或者我可能会尝试，但是仅仅付出一半的努力”。其余选项含义为：hardly（几乎不），entirely（完整地），nearly（几乎）；故正确答案是B。
30.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题是形容词题；根据文意，“我为他鼓掌，因为他让我相信：对我而言，引体向上不仅仅是一种可能，更是可以靠努力而实现的”。其余选项含义为：general（普遍的），vague（模糊的），traditional（传统的）；故正确答案是A。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Dear Lora,
Greetings from the Harvard Graduate School of Education! As we begin recruiting (招收) talented students from different backgrounds for the 2019-2020 academic year, we would like to ask about your plans for graduate study and highlight some new developments on the HGSE Admissions website.
Apply to HGSE
We are pleased to announce that our online application is now live! You can access the form, requirements, and instructions on our website. The application deadline for the Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed.L.D.) is March 15, 2019, while the Master of Education (Ed.M.) deadline is April 5, 2019.
Doctor of Philosophy in Education (Ph.D.) HGSE and the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) additionally offer the students a Ph.D. in Education. Applications for this research-based doctorate (博士学位) must be sent to GSAS by February 20, 2019.
Connect with HGSE
We have begun posting the schedule of our fall recruitment events on our website, the first of which is the New York City Idealist Grad Fair on Thursday, January 31. Please check our website for details about this and other off-campus and online information sessions. Note that we are continuing to add events as they are scheduled.
Update Your Communication Preferences
Please take a moment to update your information (e.g., contact info, program preference) to reflect any changes since you signed up initially, so that we may communicate with you in a way that best fits your needs.
If you’re no longer considering HGSE for graduate study, click on the unsubscribwww.58yuanyou.come link at the bottom of this email message; you will no longer receive communication from the Admissions Office.
As always, you are welcome to contact us with your questions. We look forward to connecting with you in the near future and hope we will have a chance to read your application this spring.
Sincerely,
Julia Deland, Ed.M.
Director of Admissions
31. An application for Doctor of Education Leadership must be submitted by ______.
A. April 5, 2019
B. March 15, 2019
C. January 31, 2019
D. February 20, 2019
31.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；根据题干重点信息“Doctor of Education Leadership”定位到文章第二段第二行“The application deadline for the Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed. L. D.) is March 15, 2019”可知“Doctor of Education Leadership”的申请截止日期为2019年3月15日；故正确答案是B。
32. In the email, Lora is advised to ______.
A. update her information
B. subscribe the email messages
C. post her schedule on the website
D. organize some activities for the fair
32.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；根据题干重点信息“Lora is advised to”定位到文章第五段第一句“Please take a moment to update your information…, so that we may communicate with you in a way that best fits your needs.”可知，Lora被建议要更新她的信息；故正确答案是A。
33. What is the purpose of the email?
A. To apply for positions.
B. To ask for suggestions.
C. To provide information.
D. To make recommendations.
33.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题考查文章主旨；根据题干要求可知本题考查写作目的。本文是哈佛大学教育学院为2019-2020年研究生招生而发的邮件，文章第一部分表明邮件目的；第二部分介绍了相关专业的截止日期；第三部分介绍了秋季招生活动的时间；第四部分提出了更新个人信息的相关建议。整篇文章都是在介绍哈佛大学教育学院的研究生招生相关信息；故正确答案是C。
B
Adam Zibluk is a 15-year-old Life Scout (童子军) in Troop 70 in Newtown, CT. He was also recently the Troop’s Senior Patrol Leader, the highest ranking boy in the troop!
Last summer, he, along with 15 other boys fr原由网om the Troop completed scouting’s greatest adventure, backpacking over 50 miles in 7 days in the wilderness at the Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico!
While Adam’s Scouting achievements are impressive on their own, his time in Scouts has not always been so easy. Adam has hemophilia, a medical condition that can cause severe bleeding from even a slight injury. And as a Boy Scout, spending much time out in the wilderness, it is quite common to get minor injuries. Because of his condition, Adam has had to miss some Scouting activities over the years.
The first few days of Adam’s backpacking in Philmont went smooth. But on the 3rd day, while unloading his gear at a remote campsite, he felt a sharp pain in his back. Adam told the adult leaders about his back and that he was starting to not feel well. They made the decision to call Philmont base camp to seek medical attention.
It was getting dark and rain threatened. Two doctors set out into the night on backcountry roads and then hiked in the last 1/2 mile to find Adam. They did some tests and decided to take him back with them to base camp. It was a tough moment for Adam and for the rest of the scout crew. While Adam returned to base camp, the rest of the boys backpacked on. To encourage Adam, they took one of his shirts with them and took photos of it along the way, which they sent to him.
A few days passed and Adam was feeling better. The doctors cleared him to return to the backcountry! Finally, Adam finished the trek with his crew. He is now one of the only Boy Scouts with hemophilia to have ever participated in and completed a Philmont Trek.
What encouraged Adam to take on this challenge despite the risk? “I thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared. And my parents have always encouraged me to not let hemophilia be the only factor in ANY decision.”
34. What has stopped Adam from participating in some Scouting activities over the years?
A. Inadequate trek experience.
B. His fear of the wilderness.
C. Lack of camping skills.
D. His health condition.
34.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；根据文章第三段最后一句“Because of his condition, Adam has had to miss some Scouting activities over the years.”及上文“Adam has hemophilia, ... can cause severe bleeding from even a slight injury.”可知，由于Adam患了血友病，他不得不错过一些童子军活动，所以是健康问题；故正确答案是D。
35. On the 3rd day of the Philmont Trek, ______.
A. Adam needed medical attention
B. the team was caught in the heavy rain
C. two doctors hiked all the way to find Adam
D. the rest of the boys backpacked on with Adam’s shirt
35.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；根据文章第四段最后两句“Adam told the adult leaders about his back and that he was starting to not feel well. They made the decision to call Philmont base camp to seek medical attention.”可知，在第三天Adam受伤了并把这一情况告诉了成年的领队，于是他们决定回到大本营去治疗；故正确答案是A。
36. Why did Adam participate in this challenging activity?
A. He had a love for it.
B. He was eager to be a leader.
C. He wanted to set a record.
D. His parents decided for him.
36.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；根据文章最后一段“I thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared.”可知，Adam参加挑战是因为他觉得挑战很有乐趣并且是件美好的事情；故正确答案是A。
37. Which of the following words can best describe Adam?
A. Athletic and ambitious.
B. Considerate and fearless.
C. Courageous and determined.
D. Confident and knowledgeable.
37.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题考查文章中人物品质推断；根据文章最后一段 “What encouraged Adam to take on this challenge despite the risk? ‘I thought it would be fun and a good thing to do as long as I was prepared. And my parents have always encouraged me to not let hemophilia be the only factor in ANY decision.’”Adam解释是自己的决心和父母的鼓励，让自己不畏危险完成这项挑战，可知，Adam是一个勇敢和意志坚定的人；故正确答案是C。
C
Be nice to mice and they may return the favour.
Only one drug of every ten successfully tested in laboratory animals ends up working in people. One reason, of course, is that mice are not men. Another, though, might have to do with the fact that while human patients are afforded all manner of creature comforts, their animal proxies (代替物) are not.
Although medical science’s favourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30℃, laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that. This is not in order to abuse the beasts but, rather, because when kept warm they are unmanageably aggressive.
The downside is that they have to eat more than they otherwise would, in order to keep their bodies warm. That changes their physiology (生理). And that in turn changes the way they metabolise (新陈代谢) drugs, with possibly confusing results. Joseph Garner, of Stanford University, thinks the answer is to keep the labs cool, but let mice deal with the low temperatures as they do in their natural habitat: not by eating more but by building nests.
So far, though, no one has a clear idea of how much nesting material is needed to keep mice happy. Dr Garner and his colleagues therefore decided to find out. They have just reported their results in the Public Library of Science. Dr Garner and his team let each of their mice, 36 males and as many females from three types commonly used in trials, wander free in two cages connected by a narrow tube. One cage was kept constant at one of six temperatures between 20℃ and 35℃. The other was maintained at 20℃ but was supplied with up to ten grams of very small pieces of paper, which the mice could use to weave a nest.
The idea was to check whether the animals would rather build a nest in the cooler cage or move to the warmer one, possibly pulling nesting material along with them little by little. The researchers found that the mice's preferences varied slightly between types, as well as between sexes (with females fond of higher temperatures, possibly because of their thinner protective layer of fat), confirming that there is no single set of conditions in which all mice feel cosy.
In general, though, with little nesting material around, the mice laboriously carried pieces of paper over to the warmer spot, one or two at a time. But leave at least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest there.
That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials.
38. What does the underlined word “relish” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Resist
B. Enjoy
C. Avoid
D. Maintain
38.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查猜词题；定位在文章第三段。“Although medical science’s favourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30℃, laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that.”可知,虽然医学中最喜欢的生物偏爱待在稍高于30摄氏度的环境里，但他们却常被控制在比这低5到10摄氏度的实验室中。结合句意前后形成对比，因此这种生物在30℃环境下最合适。A.resist原由网 抵抗；C.avoid 避免；D.maintain 维持，均不符题意；故正确答案是B。
39.Mice eating more than they normally do may lead to ______.
A. better management of their behavior
B. their different body response to drugs
C. a slowdown in their metabolism
D. a confusion in their mind
39.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查细节，首先通过题干信息定位到第四段，再通过第四段中 “That changes their physiology (生理). And that in turn changes the way they metabolise (新陈代谢) drugs, with possibly confusing results”可知这样动物的生理机能就会有所改变，因此会影响到药物在动物体内的代谢，结果也是混乱的。由此可知老鼠如果吃的比正常情况下多，会导致不同的生理反应，从而影响药效；故正确答案是B。
40.Dr Garner and his team found that ______.
A. mice keep warm by moving pieces of paper
B. female mice better beat the cold than male mice
C. mice tend to fight the cold under certain conditions
D. different types of mice prefer very different temperatures
40.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题考查细节，由倒数第二段的最后一句话“But leave a least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest here.”，如果在温度较低的笼子里放至少六克纸条，那么很多老鼠宁愿忍受寒冷，在那里筑窝，可知老鼠在特定环境下会抵抗寒冷；故正确答案是C。
41.To have a better drug trial, researchers need to ______.
A. provide little food
B. use other animal proxies
C. raise the lab temperature
D. prepare enough nesting material
41.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题是推断题，从文章最后“That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials”，用六克纸条就能让药物试验有更好的效果，这似乎是个很小的代价，可知研究员应该准备足够的筑巢材料，使药物试验效果最佳；故正确答案是D。
D
When Steve Jobs took to the stage in 2008 to announce the second iPhone and, just as importantly, the then-brand new App Store, he was selling consumers one simple thing: choice. Whether you wanted to play games, read the news, watch videos, or do a thousand other things, there was something for whatever your heart desired.
Then a funny thing happened. Logging into the App Store today is a bit like going into a shopping mall armed only with a coupon (优惠券) for one thing: There’s so much choice; it might just be easier to give up than choose.
It isn’t just consumers who are burdened, though. Too much content of all kinds is also starting to have economic effects. When there are millions of apps available, it becomes more and more difficult to charge $5 or $10, so over time, a dollar or two has become the norm. A large amount of choice causes pressure, pushing prices down and driving us all a bit crazy in the process.
So what is the way forward? It may well be to turn less choice itself into the marketing strategy. There are already signs this is happening. Firstly, content companies are looking to prevent their offerings from getting lost in the tons of stuff. Most obvious is Disney, which is slowly pulling its films and shows off YouTube to open its own streaming service next year. The point is to narrow the focus so that those seeking Disney cartoons will have one place to go, rather than being around various services.
Yet if that represents a careful first step, there are more extreme options, too. Consider the idea of a wine club: From the tens of thousands of bottles each year, subscribers pay someone to select the most interesting or rare offerings. Perhaps what comes next for digital content is something similar — carefully selected offerings from trusted sources (来源) that end up putting choice in the hands of someone else in order to get rid of the anxiety of choosing.
Up until this point, too much choice in digital media has had only one solution: the algorithm (运算法则). But we’ve seen the trouble with algorithms like those on YouTube. They feed you only what you’ve already said you like, not things you may not yet know you’re into. Worse, they have a tendency to serve up disturbing content. The way forward can’t simply be more or better algorithms.
Instead, it’s time for digital companies to start thinking about how to put limits on things: on how much we can use a device, or what we have available to choose from.
To be sure, it’s the opposite of free market, which is supposed to work on offering more choice. But perhaps it isn’t such an unusual reaction. After all, free markets are supposed to respond to consumer demand.
And as we move further into the digital revolution, what people are asking for is clear: Less.
42. Too much choice of content on the market results in ______.
A. the shutdown of companies
B. the anxiety of consumers
C. the poor quality of products
D. the slowdown of economy
42.
【答案】 B
【解析】 本题考查文章细节；定位题干关键字位于第三段第二句“Too much content of all kinds is also starting to have economic effects.”各种类型内容过多也开始产生经济上的影响。根据第三段段首句“It isn’t just consumers who are burdened, though.”及段尾句“A large amount of choice causes pressure, pushing prices down and driving us all a bit crazy in the process.”可知，各种类型内容选择过多可能导致的后果，不仅仅是让消费者感到负担，而且会导致压力，让价格下降；故正确答案是B。
43. What is mainly talked about in Paragraphs 4 and 5?
A. Why content companies open their own streaming services.
B. Whether content companies should cut their offerings.
C. Where content companies should post their offerings.
D. How content companies narrow the consumers’ focus.
43.
【答案】 D
【解析】 本题考查段落主旨；第四段段首“So what is the way forward? It may well be to turn less choice itself into the marketing strategy. There are already signs this is happening.”可知，该段在阐述未来应对的方法是什么，很可能是将较少的选择作为营销策略，并且也有迹象表明这正在发生；故正确答案是D。
44. For consumers, the algorithm will probably ______.
A. make a better choice for them
B. help to remove disturbing content
C. fail to offer what they possibly like
D. change their interest in digital media
44.
【答案】 C
【解析】 本题考查细节；定位题干关键字位于第六段。“But we’ve seen the trouble with algorithms like those on YouTube. They feed you only what you’ve already said you like, not things you may not yet know you’re into.”可知，运算法则造成的问题，是他们只给你提供，你已经说过的你喜欢的东西，而不是你可能还不知道你喜欢的东西；故正确答案是C。
45. What is the author’s attitude towards limiting the choice consumers have?
A. Approving.
B. Skeptical.
C. Opposing.
D. Neutral.
45.
【答案】 A
【解析】 本题考查作者态度；定位在最后一段。根据该段“And as we move further into the digital revolution, what people are asking for is clear: less.”可知，随着我们进一步进入数字革命，人们的要求十分清晰，即要少的选择。故可得知，作者对于限制消费者选择的态度是支持的；故正确答案是A。
第二节 （共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
What makes a good apology? What is the right way to say we’re sorry that doesn’t merely relieve our guilt or get us out of hot water, but best serves the person we hurt? There is more to saying sorry than just saying “sorry”. ______ (46) They include expressing regret, explaining what went wrong, acknowledging responsibility, offering to repair the situation, and requesting forgiveness.
That may seem like a lot to remember, but acknowledgement of responsibility turned out to be the most important piece. Of course, not all the ruined situations are created equal. ______ (47) Here are a few key tips.
Have perfect timing. Did you totally ruin the situation? A little cool-off time could help. ______ (48) But if the other party is angry at your wrong doing, it may be more effective to wait because their anger may prevent them from being receptive to an apology. Waiting can help you too. The best time to apologize is when one feels ready to sincerely apologize.
______ (49) Experts agree that face-to-face apologies beat phoned-in, e-mailed, or handwritten ones. Facial expressions, gestures, and the tone of voice have all been shown to be important channels that convey sincerity. Anyone can type “I feel really ashamed,” but if you say it live, it’s obvious whether or not you mean it.
Explain; don’t excuse. Because admitting to being wrong is painful and can make people worried that they’re a bad person, they often water down their apology with excuses. Examples include “I certainly apologize if I offended anyone” and “I’m sorry, but you started it”. That sort of apology has a name: a non-apology. It uses the form of an apology but follows it up by shifting responsibility to the offended person, implying he or she is too sensitive. ______ (50)
Even if you did something comparably less important, like being late all the time, it’s always key to remember that while you’re the one apologizing, it’s not about you; it’s about the person you hurt and what they need now.
A. Let your body do the talking.
B. There are several types of apologies.
C. Get ready to change your facial expressions.
D. Sometimes an immediate apology is called for.
E. Don't imply that the other person is wrong to feel upset or angry.
F. In fact, a study found that effective apologies have five components.
G. So you might need to fine-tune your apology depending on the circumstances.
46.
【答案】 F
【解析】 挖空方式：段中空；解题语句：空后一句；考查方式：与下文承接。空后一句说，“他们主要包含：表达歉意，解释原因，承担责任，提出修复，请求原谅”和F选项中“事实上，一个研究发现有效的道歉有五个方面”的five对应。此题可能会误选B。空后出现代词“they”，前面一定有指代的内容，且为复数形式，这一点B选项也符合，但B选项中核心词为“道歉的类型”，不符合空后内容，故排除；故正确答案是F。
47.
【答案】 G
【解析】 挖空方式：段中空；解题语句：空前空后各一句；考查方式：上下文承接与同义改写。空前一句说，“不是所有被毁的场景都是一样的”。G选项说，“所以你可能需要根据环境来调整你的道歉”，选项中的“circumstances”对应前一句提到的“situations”；故正确答案是G。
48.
【答案】 D
【解析】 挖空方式：段中空；解题语句：空前空后各一句；考查方式：承接上文，并与下文形成转折。空前句说，“一点冷却的时间可能会有帮助”；空后句说“但是如果对方对你做的错事非常生气，等待或许会使道歉更有效，因为他们的愤怒会阻止他们接受你的道歉”，出现转折连词“but”，从后往前推可知设空位置一定是与“等待”构成转折，即D选项中“有时或许需要一个及时的道歉”的“及时”；故正确答案是D。
49.
【答案】 A
【解析】 挖空方式：段首空；解题语句：空后两句；考查方式：引出下文。空后两句说“专家认为面对面的道歉比打电话、发邮件、写信道歉都有效”“面部表情、姿势、声调都能表达你的道歉诚意”，其中利用“面部表情、姿势、声调”道歉正好对应A选项“让你的身体发声”；故正确答案是A。
50.
【答案】 E
【解析】 挖空方式：段尾空；解题语句：整个第五段；考查方式：承接上文。整个第五段都在讲道歉中的解释并非是找借口，而空前一句说“假道歉是指把责任归咎于被冒犯的人自己太过敏感”，而这种做法作者前面也指出是错误的，与E选项中“不要暗示另一人的悲伤或生气是他自己的错”对应；故正确答案是E。
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）
第一节 （15分）
春节将至，你校英国交换生Jim接受了去你家共度除夕的邀请，请你就他关心的问题写一封邮件。内容包括：
1．很高兴他接受了邀请；
2．介绍你家除夕的安排；
3．答复他的问题（如：是否带礼物……） 。
注意：1．词数不少于50；
2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
（请务必将作文写在答题卡指定区域内）
本篇作文是回信。先在首段表达对于Jim接受邀请感到非常高兴，再在第二段介绍除夕的安排以及回答Jim关于除夕的问题，最后结尾处再次表达对Jim的欢迎。本篇写作除了要包含最基本的内容要点，还需要开放性的构思。建议考生平时加强构思训练，以合理的结构和逻辑完成写作，才能完成“应用文解决实际问题”的写作任务。语言方面，建议选择生活化的词汇和交际句，做到准确简洁。
【范文】
Dear Jim,
I’m so glad to hear that you have accepted my invitation to spend the Lunar New Year’s Eve at my home. It’s my great honor to introduce to you our arrangements at that night and respond to your questions in your last letter.
We have many activities planned that day. First, our family will have a huge reunion dinner, eating dumplings, the most famous traditional Spring Festival food. Then after dinner, we are going to enjoy the Spring Festival Gala on TV and put up Spring Festival couplets together. If you want to be more immersed in the festive atmosphere, you can arrive at my home a little bit earlier when we can make dumplings by ourselves.
As for your questions, gifts are not necessary. Actually, you will be given some red packets from the elders, which can drive away evil spirits according to our tradition. I’m sure you will have a good time experiencing the authentic Chinese New Year at my home. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节（20分）
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据下列四幅图的顺序，给校报投稿，介绍你们参加学校主题为“最美秋天”摄影展活动的全过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示词：摄影展 photography exhibition
（请务必将作文写在答题卡指定区域内）
情景作文：
本篇文章以“最美秋天”摄影展为主题，围绕参加这个活动的全过程进行展开，属于个人生活，贴合当下情境，也贴合考生的实际生活。四幅图的要点分别是：【得到通知】、【进行摄影】、【挑选作品】、【作品展示】。考生应该注意的是一切围绕着得分点进行答题。第一，注意要点齐全且表达准确。第二，要注意打开作文分数的上限靠文章的合理且丰富的展开，既包括了对中文内容的合理展开设计，又包括了对于丰富英文词句的灵活且恰当调用。第三，要控制整个文章之中的各种错误，严格避免不通顺的信息传递，避免各种句法、词法等细节错误。再另外，注意图与图之间的衔接过渡，以及结尾处可以围绕中心进行升华结尾。
On Monday morning, a notice on the school bulletin board greatly sparked our interest. To our amazement, our school was going to hold a photography exhibition on the theme of the most beautiful autumn. We all thought it wonderful to capture the charm of autumn with our camera, so we decided to have a try.
Then we devoted our spare time after school to the preparation for the exhibition. As the leaves changed into the fiery reds and oranges of the season, nothing else could show the unique beauty of autumn to the same extent as autumn leaves did and therefore we took many pictures of them. We also took pictures of the familiar school building with the distinctive autumn leaves as the background, making it a new perspective to appreciate the beauty of autumn. With enough amazing pictures, we printed them out and held a discussion to pick the best picture. The picture of our school building with autumn leaves absolute stood out and we submitted it to our school.
We were delighted to see our photo displayed and students in our school spoke highly of our pictures in the following days, which brought us a great sense of achievement. I believe the participation in extra-curricular activities like the photography exhibition is of great benefit, for it promotes our ability to spot the beauty in our life.
2019年北京市西城区高三期末
英 语
参考答案及评分标准
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）
第一节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
1. in 2. were noticed
3. who 4. heard
5. making / to make 6. has introduced / introduced
7. toys 8. to do
9. easily 10. themselves
第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A
16. B 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. B
26. C 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A
第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. A
36. A 37. C 38. B 39. B 40. C
41. D 42. B 43. D 44. C 45. A
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
46. F 47. G 48. D 49. A 50. E
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）
第一节（15分）
一、评分原则：
1．本题总分15分，按4个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言质量初步确定其档次，然后以档次的要求来衡量，确定或降低档次，最后给分。
3．评分时应考虑：内容是否完整，条理是否清楚，交际是否得体，语言是否准确。
4．拼写、标点符号或书写影响内容表达时，应视其影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可以接受。
5．词数少于50，从总分中减去1分。
二、各档次的给分范围和要求：
One Possible Version
Dear Jim,
I’m so glad to hear that you have accepted my invitation to spend the Lunar New Year’s Eve at my home. It’s my great honor to introduce to you our arrangements at that night and respond to your questions in your last letter.
We have many activities planned that day. First, our family will have a huge reunion dinner, eating dumplings, the most famous traditional Spring Festival food. Then after dinner, we are going to enjoy the Spring Festival Gala on TV and put up Spring Festival couplets together. If you want to be more immersed in the festive atmosphere, you can arrive at my home a little bit earlier when we can make dumplings by ourselves.
As for your questions, gifts are not necessary. Actually, you will be given some red packets from the elders, which can drive away evil spirits according to our tradition. I’m sure you will have a good time experiencing the authentic Chinese New Year at my home. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节（20分）
一、评分原则：
1．本题总分为20分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言质量初步确定其档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．评分时应考虑：内容要点的完整性、上下文的连贯、词汇和句式的多样性及语言的准确性。
4．拼写、标点符号或书写影响内容表达时，应视其影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
5．词数少于60，从总分中减去1分。
二、内容要点：
1．得到通知； 2．进行摄影；
3．挑选作品； 4．作品展示。
三、各档次的给分范围和要求：
One Possible Version
On Monday morning, a notice on the school bulletin board greatly sparked our interest. To our amazement, our school was going to hold a photography exhibition on the theme of the most beautiful autumn. We all thought it wonderful to capture the charm of autumn with our camera, so we decided to have a try.
Then we devoted our spare time after school to the preparation for the exhibition. As the leaves changed into the fiery reds and oranges of the season, nothing else could show the unique beauty of autumn to the same extent as autumn leaves did and therefore we took many pictures of them. We also took pictures of the familiar school building with the distinctive autumn leaves as the background, making it a new perspective to appreciate the beauty of autumn. With enough amazing pictures, we printed them out and held a discussion to pick the best picture. The picture of our school building with autumn leaves absolute stood out and we submitted it to our school.
We were delighted to see our photo displayed and students in our school spoke highly of our pictures in the following days, which brought us a great sense of achievement. I believe the participation in extra-curricular activities like the photography exhibition is of great benefit, for it promotes our ability to spot the beauty in our life.
