BE是什么意思医学

医学英语属于科技英语的范畴,以传递理论和数据为特征,是非文学翻译的重要对象之一。医学英语是指医务人员以及医疗部门在临床方面应用、研究、教学以及服务等等的实践过程中所使用的专业语言。

一、医学文本中的时态问题

时态问题中,主要看有没有时间点,或者是否要突出时间概念,否则多采用一般现在时。

在翻译医学类文章,尤其是论文类文本时:

1.在介绍背景、当前研究进展以及仍待解决的问题时采用一般现在时(较多)或现在完成时。

1:现代医学证明,推拿按摩手法作用于皮肤肌肉,可使皮肤里丰富的毛细血管扩张,促进循环改善营养,增强汗腺皮脂腺的功能。

试译:Modern medicinehas proved that the massage manipulations are applied to the skin and muswww.58yuanyou.comcles, which can dilate the abundant capillaries under the skin, promote circulation to improve nutrition, and enhance the function of sweat gland and sebaceous gland.

2.陈述研究目的,所采用的实验方法、技术时以及对结果的报道通常采用过去时态

2:本研究旨在以前瞻性试验测定两种治疗方法的结果是否有显著差异。

试译:The aim of our study wasto perform such a prospective trial to determine whether there is a significant difference in the results of both treatment.

意见:The study aims to perform such a prospective trial to determine whether the results differed in both treatments. 尽量少用there be和系表结构

3.在陈述预期疗效和研究意义时可采用一般将来时。

3:……而且永不复发

试译:……and will never suffer a relapse.

4.在描述病征和症状时通常采用一般过去时态

4:胸部听叩诊清晰。呼吸时,呼气时间稍长。

试译:The chest was clear to auscultation and percussion. There wasa slight prolongation of the inspiratory phase of respiration.

意见:去掉there be句型,a slight prolongation was…

5.医学文章的结论部分通常为作者表达观点、意见以及对研究进行总结,常采用一般现在时,以表示研究结果的客观性。

二、医学文本中的语态问题

英语中被动语态的特点是能给读者以客观、不带个人感情色彩的印象,因而频繁使用在科技文献、政论文章和新闻报道中。而在翻译为中文时,大多数被动意义并不一定非得通过被动句式表达,而可以通过形式上主动,语义上被动的句式予以体现。

1.译为无主语句

在描述事物着眼于动作本身,而不突出强调施动者时,可以采用无主句翻译。

5: In order to prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis, Mitomycin-C is used preoperatively or soon after the operation.

试译:为了防止术后复发和转移,可在术前或术后即刻使用裂毒素C

2.使用“由……”“遭……”“受……”“为……”保留被动句式

6: In the 16 months since the first graft, the ersatz skin has not been rejectedby any of the patient.

试译:第一次植皮的16个月内,人造皮肤没有受到任何患者的排斥。

意见:……,人造皮肤并未在任何患者身上出现排斥反应。

三、医学英语中的长难句

五步分析法

a) Comprehension in general and grasp of the main idea; 熟悉轮廓,领会要旨

b) Distinction between the principal and subordinate elements and accurate division; 辨清主从,准确切分

c) Deliberation of the structure in detail and tentative translation; 推敲细节,分解试译

d) Change of thoughts and deep integration; 转换思维,深入整合;

e) Examination and review plus further improvement.回顾检查,加工润色

为了正确理解复杂长句,可先把句中各种次要成分(如分词短语、独立成分、同位语等)和各种从句暂时排除,原由网让主句暴露出来,这样就可以了解长句的中心意思。把主从成分进行分割,按从部分到整体、从微观到宏观的顺序进行翻译,敢于打破原句结构,分清主次,考虑英汉语表达习惯,重新组合,就可以前后连贯地把长句自由转换为目标语句式。

7In conclusion, surgery is indicated if adequate medical treatment of ulcerative colitis has failed; in the patient admitted with a severe attack, it is important that emergency surgery should be carried out before there is a dangerous deterioration in the patient’s general condition, that is to say, intensive medical treatment must be started from the time of admission, and that a delay in making a decision to proceed to surgery should be avoid.

分析:In conclusion, /surgery is indicated /if adequate medical treatment of ulcerative colitis has failed; in the patient admitted with a severe attack, /it is important /that emergency surgery should be carried out /before there is a dangerous deterioration in the patient’s general condition, /that is to say, /intensive medical treatment must be started from the time of admission, /and that a delay in making a decision to proceed to surgery should be avoid.

将其分解后,得到以下信息:

1需要做外科手术

2如果适当的内科治疗溃疡性结肠炎失败

3对于严重发病而住院的患者

4进行紧急外科手术式是很重要的

5在患者全身状况恶化之前

6住院伊始就应进行强化治疗

7避免做出延迟手术的决定(改译:避免拖延手术)

试译:总之,如果对溃疡性结肠炎进行适当的内科治疗而未能见效,就需要做外科手术。对因严重发病而住院的病人,应在全身情况恶化之前进行紧急外科手术,这很重要。也就是说,从患者住院开始,就应加强治疗,避免拖延手术。

8:以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型,采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法,比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达原由网的差异,分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。

分析:BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型,采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异,分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。

在中文原句中,出现了“以”、“采用”以及“比较”、“分离”这//www.58yuanyou.com两个看似并列的结构,如果按照原文翻译就会很繁琐,因此根据句意和英语的句子结构,将原文分为两层意思,按照两个句子去翻译。第一层意思中“上皮细胞株”在句中时中心词,但在实际翻译是,应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译是,将它们的位置颠倒过来,并且为了保持和原文“以”结构相一致,使用了被动语态。第二层意思中,将“cDNA代表性差异分析方法”作为中心词进行翻译

试译:The malignant transformation of human 原由网bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a model for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cells.

意见:把“以”和“采用”处理成状语,顺译下来既可。

讨论:

1: In severe limiting mobility, intra-articular administration of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells suspended in a balanced buffer solution, when compared to the administration of the balanced buffer solution alone, is associated with a substantial decrease in pain and improvement in function.

试译:对于限制活动的严重骨关节炎病症,与单独进行平衡缓冲溶液关节腔内给药相比,平衡缓冲溶液中悬浮有源自造血干细胞的细胞时进行关节腔内给药,则能显著缓解疼痛并改善功能。

2: 推拿按摩是中医治疗方法之一,它以中医的经络学说为理论基础,经过数千年的实践探索,并结合西医的解剖和病理诊断,是一种用手法作用于人体表的特定部以调节机体生理,病理状况,达到理疗目的方法。

试译:Massage is one of the TCM treatment methods, with the theory of meridians and collaterals as its theoretical basis. After thousands of years of practical exploration, it combines the TCM theory with the anatomy and pathological diagnosis of western medicine, and gradually becomes a method of physical therapy by applying different manipulations to massage the specific part of human body in order to regulate the body's physiology and pathological conditions.

四、医学文本翻译中的一些积累

1the temperature peaked to

9At night,the temperature peaked to39.8℃。

入夜,体温达到39.8

2complained of

10The patient complained of some difficulty in urinating, but urine output was quite good.

试译:患者主诉排尿困难,但尿量正常。

3underwent

11:患者接受了抗结核药治疗和脑脊髓液引流手术

试译:The patient received anti-tuberculosis drug therapy and underwentexternal drainage.

4be subjected to…(a treatment/operation, etc.)

12:她经静脉置入永久性心脏起搏器

试译:She was subjected toinsertion of permanent transvenous pacemaker

5administration 给药;用药

13: In a phase 2,dose-finding study,intra-myocardial administrationof allogeneic human mesenchymal precursor cells to patients with advanced chronic heart failure refractory to available medical therapies is associated with dose-dependent improvement in several physiological measurements of left ventricular performance.

试译:第二阶段临床试验的剂量研究中,对于用现有疗法难以治疗的晚期慢性心力衰竭患者,对同种异体人类间充质细胞进行心肌内给药,可使左心室功能的几种生理指标改善剂量依赖性。

14:观察采用一次性根治术配合中医药口服……

试译:To observe the clinical efficacy of one-time radical surgery combined with traditional Chinese medicine oral administration.

在翻译医学类文本时,首先必须达到“信”这个基本标准,即概念准确,句式严整。其次译文必须简洁明了,自然流畅,即“达”。医学类文章中不乏术语,除了专有名词需要去查看之外,也有用语源自普通词语,例如之前的给药,英语用administration,需要平时多积累。

(作者:崔晓慧

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文章标题: BE是什么意思医学

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