原文引用
SHOCK 休克
Shock is a life-threatening condition in which delivery of oxygen to the organs is low, causing organ damage and sometimes death. Blood pressure is usually low.
休克是指血压值很低，器官输送氧气量很低，导致器官受损，以至于威胁生命的状态。
Shock has several causes: Low blood volume, inadequate pumping action of the heart, or excessive widening (dilation) of blood vessels.
休克通常包括几种病因：低血容量（低血容量性休克）、心脏泵功能不全（心源性休克）、血NKPNMRJ管过度地扩张（血管源性休克）。
When shock is caused by low blood volume or inadequate pumping of the heart, people may feel sluggish, sleepy, or confused, and their skin becomes cold and sweaty and often bluish and pale.
当休克的病因是低血容量或泵功能不全时，患者可表现为昏睡、嗜睡或意识模糊、皮肤湿冷、肤色发蓝或苍白。
When shock results from excessive dilation of blood vessels, the skin may be warm and flushed, and the pulse may be strong and forceful (bounding) rather than weak.
当休克是由于血管过度扩张引起时，症状有所不同，皮肤温暖、潮红，脉搏强而有力，而不是脉无力。
People who are in shock should be kept warm and positioned so their legs are elevated.Intravenous fluids, oxygen, and sometimes drugs are given to help restore the blood pressure.
当患者处于休克状态时，应予保暖、抬高下肢，并静脉补液，吸氧，有时还需要应用药物维持血压。
In the United States, hospital emergency departments report more than 1 million cases of shock each year. People go into shock when their blood pressure becomes so low that the body’s cells do not receive enough blood and therefore do not receive enough oxygen.
在美国，急诊科对休克病例的报告每年超过 1 000 000 例。当血压过度降低，机体的细胞就不能获得足够的血供，也就不能得到足够的氧供。
As a result, cells in numerous organs, including the brain, kidneys, liver, and heart, stop functioning normally. If blood flow (perfusion) to these cells is not quickly restored, they become irreversibly damaged and die.
这样就造成了细胞迅速而不可逆地损害，包括脑、肾脏、肝脏和心脏在内的脏器就会停止正常的功能。如果不能立即恢复血液灌注，这些器官可能发生不可逆的损害或坏死。
If enough cells are damaged or dead, the organ they are in may fail and the person may die.The failure of two or more organs is called multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and this diagnosis carries a significant chance of death. People in shock require immediate emergency treatment and are usually cared for in the hospital intensive care unit.
若损害或死亡的细胞数量过大，则器官会发生衰竭，甚至导致患者死亡。两个或两个以上器官的衰竭被称为多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)，有很大的死亡几率。处于休克状态的患者需要立即急症处理。通常在医院重症监护病房进行护理。
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Although low blood pressure is generally the cause of shock, blood pressure may not be low in the early stages of shoNKPNMRJck. Also, blood pressure can be low in people who do not have shock.The medical disorder of shock has nothing to do with the “shock” that people feel from a sudden emotional stress.
虽然低血压通常是休克的原因，但在休克的早期，血压可能并不低。另外，没有休克的人血压也可能很低。医学问题上的休克与人们情绪压力突然变化的“休克”无关。
Tips：Causes of Shock 休克的原因
●Low blood volume (hypovolemic shock)
低血容量（低血容量性休克）
●Inadequate pumping action of the heart (cardiogenic shock)
心脏泵功能不全（心源性休克）
●Excessive widening of blood vessels (distributive shock)
血管过度地扩张（血管源性休克）
●Did You Know...
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●Hypovolemic shock 低血//www.58yuanyou.com容量性休克
Low blood volume results in less-than-normal amounts of blood entering the heart with every heartbeat and therefore less-than-normal amounts of blood being pumped out to the body and its cells.
低血容量造成随心脏每次搏动的回心血量减少，因此每次搏动的输出到身体和细胞的血量也下降。
Blood volume may be low because of Severe bleeding,excessive loss of body fluids.inadequate fluid intake (less common).Blood may be rapidly lost because of external bleeding, such as that caused by an injury Internal bleeding, such as that caused by an ulcer in the stomach or intestine, a ruptured blood vessel, or a ruptured ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the uterus).
血容量下降的原因可以是严重出血、体液的过度丧失或是不太常见的液体摄入不足。快速失血可以是因为体表的出血，如车祸，也可以是体内的出血，如胃溃疡或肠道溃疡、血管破裂或异位妊娠（宫外孕）的破裂。
An excessive loss of body fluids other than blood can result from major burns Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis),perforation of the intestinal wall,severe diarrhea or vomiting,some kidney disorders,excessive use of diuretics, which increase the output of urine untreated diabetes.
严重烧伤、胰腺的炎症（胰腺炎）、肠穿孔、严重腹泻、肾脏疾病或过度使用髓袢利尿剂（增加尿液的生成）而引起体液而非血液的过度丢失。
Fluid intake may be inadequate because a physical disability (such as severe joint disease) or a mental disability (such as Alzheimer disease) may prevent people from obtaining enough fluids even though they may feel thirsty.
身体残疾（如严重的关节疾病）或智力障碍（如阿尔茨海默病）的患者尽管感到饥渴但可能无法获得足够的饮水而造成液体摄入不足。
Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克
Inadequate pumping action of the heart can also result in less-than-normal amounts oNKPNMRJf blood being pumped out with every heartbeat. The most common causes of inadequate pumping action are complications of a heart attack,a blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
心脏泵功能不全也能造成心脏每搏输出量的减少。心脏泵功能不全通常因心脏病( 心脏病发作的并发症)发作或肺内血栓（肺栓塞）的并发症引起。
Sudden malfunction of a heart valve (particularly an artificial valve),an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia),infections in the heart muscle or on the heart valves,inability of the heart to fill due to sudden buildup of fluid in the sac that surrounds the heart (cardiac tamponade).Other disorders affecting the structure of the heart, for example, rupture of the wall of the heart (myocardial rupture).
其他原因包括心脏瓣膜功能不全（特别是人工瓣膜）、心脏两侧之间的壁的破裂（隔膜）、心律异常（心律失常），以及心脏无法充盈（心脏压塞）。其他影响心脏结构的疾病，例如心脏壁破裂(心肌破裂)。
Distributive shock 分布性休克
Excessive dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation) increases the capacity of blood vessels and decreases blood pressure. This can decrease blood flow and oxygen delivery to organs.
血管过度扩张（血管舒张）增加血管的容量，从而导致血液流过血管的阻力降低。血管扩张时血压更低，所以被这些血管供血的细胞得到的血供更少。
Blood vessels may be excessively dilated because of a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock),a severe bacterial infection (shock caused by such an infection is called septic shock),overdose of drugs or poisons that dilate blood vessels,injuries to the spinal cord and rarely the brain (neurogenic shock),certain endocrine disorders such as Addison disease.
血管极度扩张可由严重的过敏反应（过敏反应或过敏性休克）、严重的细菌感染（由感染导致的休克称为感染性休克）、药物过量或中毒或脊髓损伤或罕见的脑损伤引起、某些内分泌紊乱，如阿狄森氏病。
The mechanisms by which these conditions cause vasodilation vary. For example, a spinal cord injury interrupts the nerves from the brain to the blood vessels that nor//www.58yuanyou.commally cause blood vessel constriction; poisons or toxins released by bacteria can directly cause the blood vessels to dilate.
不同原因导致血管扩张的机制各不相同。例如脊髓损伤导致休克是因为维持血管张力的神经受损，而感染性休克是由于细菌释放的毒素可直接引起血管扩张。
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