定语从句中：只用that而不用which的五种情况
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that（指人或物），which（指物），who (指人）。指人时可用that或who ；指物时可用that 或which ；但有时只能用that，不能用which。常见的情况有下列五种：
1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing the one, much, few, little或被它们修饰时。例如：
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
有什么可以为你做的吗？
All that can be done must be done .
凡是能做的都必须做。
2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .
那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that we should do is to get some food .
我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如：
My necklace is not the only thing that's missing .
我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。
4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which lFhZsqEosQ或 who 。以避免重复。例如：
Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ?
正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？
5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如：
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .
你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
中考英语语法介词考点
【介词命题趋势】
1、表示时间的介词2、表示方位和运动方向的介词3、常用介词用法辨析
4、介词与其它词类的搭配1）形容词与介词的搭配2）动词与介词的搭配
3）名词与介词的搭配
一、考查简单介词的用法
【考例】-When did Hong Kong return to our motherland?
一____July 1st，1997．[福州市]A． On B In C At D For
A本题的四个选项都可以放在表示时间的单词(组)前面，in，on，at往往在时间点的前面，for往往引导一个时间段。1997年7月1日是一个具体的时间，在具体到某一天，用介词on。
I'd like a cup of coffee __________some sugar and milk. [广东省]
A. in B. to C. of D. with
DA选项介词in，表示“在……里面”；B选项介词to表方向，意为“到，向”；
C项of表“所属关系”，意为“……的”；D项介词with作“带有；用_力口”等讲。由句意“我想要一杯加糖和牛奶的咖啡。”可知，选项D正确。
--Oh, so many people in the amusement park!
-- Nobody likes to stay at home __ Sunday morning. [太原市]A. in B. on C. at
B此题考查介词的用法。三个选择都可以用来表示时间，at多用于具体时间点前，在上、下午及晚上常用介词in，但具体到某一天的上、下午要用介词on。
二、考查介词之间的辨析
【考例】The moon light is coming in _________ the window and the room seems quiet and beautiful. [成都市]A, across B. through C. over
B across表示横过，从一边到另一边，through从内部穿过，over表示从物体表面通过。“月光透过窗子射进来……”故不能选A。
Be careful when you come _______ the street, because the traffic is very busy at the moment.（年山东济宁） A. across B. behind C. between D. over
【剖析】答案为A。本题考察方位介词的用法。“过马路”一般为表面横穿，因此要用across。
--Look, a blind man is in the middle of the street, It's too dangerous.
--Let's go and help him _________the road. [河南省]
A. through B. along C. across D. over
C横穿马路要用across表示“从一边到另一边”而不用through，through用于穿过森林等。
三、考查成语介词与介词固定搭配
【考例】You must always be careful _________ electricity．It’s dangerous．[沈阳市]
A． to B at C for D．with
D．be careful with(of／about)…对……注意(警惕)，句意为“你必须时刻注意用电，那很危险。”
Boys and girls, wish you to do well in the English exam __ a light heart. Good luck to every-one! [哈尔滨市]A. on B. with C. without
B考查介词用法。with a light heart以一种轻松的心态(with表伴随)。with是中考的重要考点，有如下几种用法：①有，带着②表方式或工具，write with a pen用钢笔书写③表伴随a house with a big garden带有大花园的房子。
Mary bought a house ________a small garden. She will move in next week. [昆明市]
A. from B. with C. for D. of
B本题由句意人手破解，玛丽买了一处“带有”花园的房子，这儿可用介词with，意为“具有；带有”，所以B项正确。
一I hear you have got a ticket ___________the 0pening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics．
一Yes．I got it __________my uncle．[黄冈市]
A． of；from B to．by C to；from D．for；to
C考查介词的用法。本题易错选项为A……．的答案／钥匙／票，都要用to，而不能用of。故不能选A。
It was a great day but We did not enjoy it____ the beginning．[苏州]
A．on B．for C．with D．at
答案：D解析：此处考查固定短语“在……开始时”，用介词at，故选D。
It is important ____us students to make a plan ____our studies before a new term starts．[•连云港)A．for；for B．of：for C．to；of D．with：on
答案：A解析：此题考查介词for的用法，第一空It is important for sb．to do sth．；第二空for our studies为我们的学习，表目的。
It's necessary for us to take one hour's exercise every day. I agree _________you. [吉林省]
A. at B. to C. on D. with
D agree with sb同意某人的观点。注意agree with与agree to的区别。agree with +sb“同意某人的观点”；agree to+动词原形“同意干某事”。
一How are you going to the Summer Palace?
一We're going there _____________bike．[北京市]
A for B at C of D．by
D考查短语by bike"骑自行车”。要注意区分：take a bike to+某地一go to+某地+by bike。
[ 连云港]
This ____woman has devoted all her life____ caring for the poor．
A．modest；with B．kind; to C．selfish；for D．unfair；at
答案：B解析：第一空意为“这位善良的妇女”，故选kind，第二空，devote…to…指献身于……，to后跟动名词或名词，故本题选B。
【语法回顾】
1. 介词的功能
介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. 在那儿的那个男孩是约翰的弟弟。(定语)
The girl will be back in two hours. 这位姑娘过两个小时回来。 (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia.我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚。 (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. 请吃些鱼。 (宾语补足语)
2. 常用介词的用法辨析
（1）表时间的介词
1）at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节
以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2）since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到
说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.自从去年夏天，我再也没有收到他的信。
After five days the boy came back.五天后，这男孩返回来。
3）in, after
in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与
将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：
He will be back in two months.他在两个月后回来。
He will arrive after four o’clock四点钟后，他到达。
He returned after a month.一个月后，他回来了。
（2）表示地点的介词
at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.他昨他天到达上海。
They arrived at a small village before dark.他们在天黑前到达一个小村庄。
There is a big hole in the wall.墙上有一个大洞。
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.老师把一幅画挂在墙上。
over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.河上有一架桥。
We flew above the clouds.我们飞越云层。
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.他们把一些花放在讲桌上。
across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动原由网作是在三维空间进行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.狗跑过草地。
The boy swam across the river.那男孩游过河。
They walked through the forest.lFhZsqEosQ他们穿过森林。
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.在大楼前有一些高树。
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.老师坐在教室前面
3. 介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
【语法过关】
1.China lies______ the east of Asia and______ the north of Australia,
A. to; to B. in; to C to; in D. in; on
2.His son suddenly returned________ a cold rainy night.
A. on B. at C. in D. for
3.Timmy goes to school __________ every day . It's 5 minutes' walk from his home to school.
A. in a bus B. by plane C. on foot D. by boat
4. Last month , students had to have their lessons by Internet ________ because of SARS.
A. on the playground B. at home C. in the street D. near the hospital
5.Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures __________ a camera.
A.as B. for C. like D. of
6. Some shops open_______ 10:00 a. m. and 3 : 30 p. m, during the Spring Festival holidays.
A. at B. between C. from D. about
7. --- How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt?
--- I'm going there ________ my car. A. by B. in C. to D. on
8．Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain ____an inch.
A. byB. atC. toD. from
9．The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.
A. from B. in C. of D. at
10．They had a pleasant chat ____a cup of coffee.(北京)
A. forB. withC. duringD. over
【参考答案】
1.B 表示在一个大的范围内用"in"，范围之外用"to"。
2.A 具体到某一天的时间用"on"。
3.C 5 minutes' walk决定去学校的方式是on foot。
4.B 语境中"by Internet"和 "because of SARS"决定了"have their lessons --- at home "。
5.C like在这里意思是"像------"。
6. B between 后接两个并列的成分，意思是"在两者之间"。
7. B in my car = by car。
8． A。与数量连用可表示尺寸、距离等。依句意：幸运的是，子弹在距离上尉一英寸的地方与他擦肩而过，没有射中他。故应选A。
9． C。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的基本结构为 “there is little of…”, 表示“……有很少”what 修饰little提到了从句句首。正确答案为C。
10．D．用作介词表示时间时，可作“在（做）……时（while doing, eating, etc）”。故正确答案为。其句意为：他们在喝咖啡时进行了一次愉快的谈话。
知识点3、4：形容词 副词
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible
2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 ，修饰副词enough 时放后面。big enough the best book available, the only solution possible
3alive, alike, awake,, asleep等可以后置the only person awake
4形容词短语一般后置，后置定语，可以转成定语从句。a man difficult to get on with
2) 复合形容词的构成：
1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous
2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving
3形容词+现在分词ordinary-llFhZsqEosQooking8名词+过去分词snow-covered
4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged
5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year
II. 副词的分类：
1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upstairs, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why
3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级：动词后多用副词修饰，但如果是系动词或是感官动词，用形容词修饰，有练习。
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-
er和-est，多音和一些双音节词前加more 和most。不规则要记住 多、少、好、坏、远 五个。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any,
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours
/Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
九年级英语unit1-12复习提纲
九年级Unit 1
Language goal：Talk about how to study.
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1.pronounce—pronunciation 3. slowly—slow 5.easy—easily
4. soft—hard 6.learn—learner 2. differently—different—difference
II、重点短语：
1.lisen to tapes 听录音
2. ask the teacher for help 向老师请求帮助
3. read aloud 朗读
4. speaking skills 口头表达能力
5.spoken English 英语口语
6. end up 结束
7.later on 以后，随后
8. make mistakes 犯错，出错
9.laugh at 嘲笑，取笑
10.take notes 做笔记，做记录
11.look …up （词典、参考书）查阅，查找
12. make up 编造，组成
13.deal / do with 处理，应付
14.be angry with 生……的气
15.go by （指时间）过去，消逝
16.try one’s best to do sth.尽力做……
17.break off 突然中止，中断
18. with the help of 在……的帮助下
19.regard…as… 把……当做……
20.be afraid of doing / to do sth害怕做某事
21. first of all 首先，开始
22. have trouble / a difficult / hard time doing sth.
做某事有困难
III、重点句型：
1.It’s too hard to understand the voices. 理解那些话有困难。
2. How do you study for a test? 你怎么为考试而学习的？
I study by listening to tapes. 我通过听磁带学习。
3. Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language.
学语法是学习语言的一个好办法。
4.I was afraid to speak in class. 我害怕在课堂上说话。
5. If you don’t know how to spell new words, look them up in a dictionary.
如果你不知道怎么拼单词，可以查词典。
6.It’s our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teachers.
在老师的帮助下，尽我们最大努力对待教育中的每一个挑战是我们的责任。
7.I don’t have a partner to practice English with.
我没有可以一起练习英语的伙伴。
IV、语法：
1、复习一般现在时；
2、by的用法：（1）prep. 在…旁；靠近 near to; beside
Our teacher was sitting by the window. 我们的老师正坐在窗户旁边。
We spent our holiday by the sea. 我们在海边度假。
（2）prep. / adv. 经过 past
He walked by me without speaking.
He walked by without a word.
（3）prep. 用；靠；通过表示方法、手段或所用的工具，后面可以接动名词作宾语。如：
He makes a living by collecting waste paper.
（4）prep. “不迟于”，也可用来引导时间状语，意为“到……时候为止…”“在……时候之前”，句中谓语动词用完成时态。如引导的是过去时间状语，谓语动词用过去完成时。
I shall be back by 5 o'clock.
How many English parties had you had by the end of last term?
介词prep. 通过；沿着 through; along; over
We came through the fields, not by the road.
我们是穿过田野而不是沿那条路来的。
（5）prep.“被；由”常用于被动语态 This bridge was built by the soldiers.
（6）prep. （指交通等）乘；用 The man came by bus.
【拓展】by accident = by chance偶然地 by oneself 单独，独立地
by the way 顺便说 learn...by heart 记熟 by turns 轮流
by then 到那时 one by one一个一个地 little by little一点一点地
by mistake 由于疏忽，错误地 side by side 肩并肩
【辨析】by；with；in
by通常表示方法或手段，也可以接动名词表示某种手段；
with表示使用具体的工具；
in表示所用的原料、材料或途径。
V、书面表达：
学会谈论学习方法，并随时为他人提供帮助。（P4 3a，p6 3a）
范文：英语聚会上，同学们让你介绍一下你学好英语的方法，请你以“How to learn English well”为题，写一篇80词左右的演讲稿。
Good evening, friends! Very glad to talk with you about my ways of learning English well. I would like to share some of my ideas with you.
I think practicing listening and speaking are two of the best ways of improving your English. So I try my best to listen to tapes every day. It has already become a good habit of mine. It really helps me a lot. Having a conversation with my classmates in English as often as possible is another way I use. Never feel shy if you want to improve your speaking skills. Trying to think in English isn’t a bad idea, either. I always think about what to do or how to do things in English.
Thanks for listening.
九年级英语第复习提纲
九年级Unit 2 & Unit 12
Language goal: Talk about what you used to be like.
Tell what you are supposed to do.
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1. die—dead—death 2. on—off
3. full—fill 4. knife—knives
II、重点短语:
1. used to do 过去常常做……
2. go to sleep 入睡
3. be terrified of 非常害怕的，极度恐惧的
4. in the end 最后，终于
5. make a decision 做决定，下决心
6. to one’s surprise 令某人惊奇的是……
7. no longer = not…any longer 不再，已不
8. take pride in= be proud of对……感到自豪
9. pay attention to 对……注意；留心
10. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
11. even though / if 即使，尽管
12. go to sleep with my bedroom light on 开着卧室灯睡觉
13. all the time 总是，一直
14. in the last few years 在过去的几年里
15. get into trouble 陷入困境
16. in trouble 在困境中
17. daily life 日常生活
18. leave the school 退学，辍学
19.a fifteen-year-old boy一个十五岁的男孩
20. for the first time 第一次
21. drop by 顺便（或偶然）拜访
22. at the table 在桌子旁边
at table 就餐
23. point at 指着……
24. go out of one’s way to do特地（不怕麻烦地）做某事
25.be / get used to doing sth 习惯做某事
26. learn…by oneself / teach oneself 自学……
27. send a message to sb 给……发信息
28. can’t stop doing sth 禁不住做某事
29.make faces with sb 向……做鬼脸
III、重点句型
1. ---You used to be short, didn’t you? 你以前个矮，不是吗？
--- Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. 是的 / 不，不是
2. You used to have long hair. 你以前梳长发。
3. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on.我开着卧室灯睡觉。
4. I used to be on the soccer team. 我以前是足球队的一名成员。
5. It seems that he has changed a lot. 他似乎变化很大。
6. His mother looked after him as well as she could.
他的妈妈尽可能的好好照顾他。
7.He was not interested in studying and he often got into trouble with the police.
他对学习不感兴趣，常和警察发生冲突。
8. In the end, she made a difficult decision. 最后，他艰难地作出决定。
9.It is necessary for him to talk with his mother. 他有必要和妈妈谈谈。
10. ---What are you supposed to do when you meet someone for the first time.
你第一次见到某个人应该做什么？
---You’re supposed to shake hands. 应该握手。
11. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear.
你本该问一问你该穿什么。
12. We don’t usually have to make plans to meet our friends.
我们通常不必做出计划见朋友。（见朋友不必预约）
13. We never visit a friend’s house without calling first.
我们从来不在未事先打电话的情况下去见朋友。
14. The first thing is to greet the teacher. 第一件事就是向老师问候。
15. It’s polite to make noise while eating noodles. 吃面条时发出声音是礼貌的。
16. It is rude to say you’re full. 说你饱了很不礼貌。
17.I find it difficult to remember everything. 我发现记住所有的事情很难。
18. It is important to use it only at the proper time.
只有在恰当的时间运用是重要的。
IV、语法
1. used to“过去常常”表达过去经常或持续的行为，表示现在不是这样了。在疑问句和否定句中通常与did连用，通常不需要过去的时间状语。
注：be used to “习惯于” 后接名词、代词或动名词。
2. be supposed to 表示应该，被期望，相当于should。
V、书面表达
1. 谈论你过去及现在的性格、爱好等的变化
如：（1）I’ve changed a lot.（2）Are you still afraid of …？
（3）My biggest problem （p14）
2.描述自己或他人在不同的场合应该做什么。如：
(1) What are you supposed to do when you go to a party?
(2) What are you supposed to do when you meet for the first time?
(3) Talk about different cultures in different countries. （P96， p98）
范文：你朋友的姐姐张丽想成为一名英语教师。去年她在一所小学做志愿者，教孩子们唱英语歌、朗读英语故事、组织英语俱乐部等。通过这次志愿者活动，她发现自己的英语口语有了很大的进步，并且性格上也有了变化。请你根据所给情景和提示语，为学校英语俱乐部写一篇稿件，谈谈张丽的经历和变化，以及你对此事的感受。
提示词：teach, read, organize an English club, improve, used to, shy…
Zhang Li, a friend of my sister’s, wants to be an English teacher when she grows up. Last year she volunteered at a primary school. She taught the kids to sing English songs, read the English books and organized an English club (to hold all kinds of activities). To her joy, she found her spoken English greatly improved. What’s more, she used to be shy and afraid of speaking English in public. But she is quite outgoing and good at making speeches these days.
In my opinion, she has found a great way of learning English, that is, by using it and helping others.
九年级英语复习提纲
九年级Unit 3 &Unit 9
Language goal: Talk about what you are allowed to do. Agree and disagree.
Talk about the history of inventions.
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1. sleep—sleepy—asleep 2. teach—taught—taught
3. important—importance 4. succeed—success—successful
5. invent—inventor—invention 6. throw—threw—thrown
7. taste—tasty 8. century—centuries
9. create—creative 10. below—above
11. develop—developing—developed—developing
12.salt--salty
II、重点短语
1. instead of / doing sth 代替，而不是
2. stay up 熬夜，不睡觉
3. concentrate on 全神贯注，专心于
4. at present=at the moment 目前，现在
5. in the way (of) 妨碍（……）
6. care about 照顾
7. be used for doing / to do 用来做……
8. by mistake 错误地
9. by accident / chance 偶然地，碰巧地
10. according to 根据，按照，据……所说
11. fall into 落入，陷入
12. in this way 这样
13. in the sixth century 在六世纪
14. take an active in 积极参加
* in the 1980s 在二十世纪八十年代
15. knock…into… 敲……入……里
knock at 敲（门、窗）
16. get / have sth done 使……被做
17. be strict with 对……要求严格
18. learn from 向……学习
19. the other day 几天前
20. have / take …off 休息……
21. worry about 担心
22. be serious about 对……认真
23. travel around / all over China 环游中国
24. at / in college 在上大学
25. divide…into… 把……分成……
26. the number of ……的数目
a number of 许多的……，大量的……
27. have an opportunity / chance to do / of doing 有做……的机会
28. in public 当众
III、重点句型
1. Students should not be allowed to have part time jobs.
应该允许学生们有兼职工作。
2. Sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.
十六岁的青少年应该被允许扎耳洞。
3. They talk instead of doing homework. 他们说话而不是做作业。
4. He should stop wearing that silly earring. 他应该停止带那个可笑的耳环。
5. He doesn’t seem to have many friends. 他似乎没有很多朋友。
6. He needs to spend time with friends.他需要和朋友一起度过。
7. On Saturday afternoons, I’m allowed to go shopping with my friends.
周六下午允许我和朋友一起购物。
8. Parents should not be too strict with teenagers.
父母不应该对青少年太严格。
9. That would be a good way to keep both teachers and students happy.
那将是让老师和学生们都开心的好办法。
10. We learn a lot from each other.我们互相学到很多东西。
11. We sometimes have a special day to help others.
有时候我们有特别的一天来帮助别人。
12. His parents won’t allow him to train as much as he would like to.
他父母不会允许他按照他想的那样去训练。
13. It’s a very difficult dream to achieve.这是一个很难实现的梦想。
*14. Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream.
只有那时我才会有实现梦想的机会。
15.They don’t allow him to practice running on school nights.
他们不允许他在有课的晚上训练。
16. Who were they invented by? 他们是谁发明的？
17. They’re used for seeing in the dark.他们是用来在暗中看东西的。
18. What do you think is the most helpful invention?
你认为什么是最有帮助的发明？
19. Some leaves from a nearby bush fell into water and remained there for some time. 附近灌木丛的一些叶子落到水里并保留了一段时间。
20. The safety of the players was important. 队员们的安全很重要。
21. He taught them how to play his new game.他教他们怎样玩他的新游戏。
IV、重点语法
被动语态：英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
He answers the questions in public. （主动语态）
The questions are answered in public. （被动语态）
被动语态各时态构成表
TENSE主动语态被动语态
一般现在时be / V / Vsam / is / are +Vpp
一般将来时Will +Vwill be +Vpp
现在进行时am / is / are +Vingam / is / are + being + Vpp
一般过去时①was / were/ ②Vedwas / were+ Vpp
一般完成时have / has + Vpphave / has + been + Vpp
过去完成时had + VppHad + been + Vpp
过去进行时was / were +Vingwas / were+ being +Vpp
情态动词Can +VCan + be +Vpp
1、用法
（1）不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要，如：
Paper is made from wood.
（2）需要强调动作的承受者时，如：
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.
（3）为了使语气婉转，或由于修饰的需要
Electricity is used to run machines.
2、主动语态和被动语态的转换
（1）把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语
（2）把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态的结构
（3）把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语（主格变宾格）”，放在主谓结构之后,在意思明确时by短语可以省略。
We speak English.→English is spoken by us.
3、需注意的几点：
（1）只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。
（2）含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况：
A、把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍留在原位。
B、把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如：She gave the boy a book.→The boy was given a book.或The book was given to the boy.
（3）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时，要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可漏掉。这样的短语有：look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of ,etc. 如：
You must take care of your dog.→Your dog must be taken care of.
（4） 主动句中在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, watch, notice及使役动词make, let, have等动词后应跟不带to的动词不定式,而在被动句中应加上不定式符号to。如：I saw Tom enter the room.→Tom was seen to enter the room.
（5）有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。例如：
It is said that… 据说… It is(was) reported that…据报道…
It is well-known that… 众所周知…
4、主动形式表被动意义的情况
（1）动词need后接v-ing的主动结构常表被动意义。例如：
The desk needs mending.
（2）open, lock, sell, read, write, clean, cut, wash, burn, teach, drive, shut等及物动词在用作不及物动词时，原由网它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。例如：
The car drives well.
（3）look, taste, smell, seem, sound等连系动词主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The dish tastes good.
5、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”形式在句子中可能是一个被动语态的谓语，也可能是一个系表结构的谓语。对于它们的区别主要从它们表达的意义上看，而不是从形式上看。系表结构中的过去分词是表示主语的特征或状态，而被动结构则是表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
The door is closed at nine every day.（行为，被动结构）
The door is closed now.（状态，系表结构）
The letter was written yesterday.（行为，被动结构）
The letter is written in English.（状态，系表结构）
V、书面表达
1.谈论允许和不允许的事情或者应该被允许和不应该被允许的事情。P22 3a
如：
（1）My family / school / class rules
（2）Rules in the library
（3）Talk about something in your food, health, study, hope or something else.
2. 谈论某物的发明及用途。P72 3a
范文：假如你班要召开一次以“keep our school clean”为主题的班会，请就同学们应该或不应该做的事情写一篇简短的发言稿，例如“不允许在墙上乱涂乱画，应该每天打扫教室”等。
Good afternoon, everyone!
We are studying in this school. It’s our duty to keep it clean and tidy. So we have made some school rules. We cannot spit in public places, such as in the library and in the classroom. We are not allowed to draw pictures on the walls and throw any litter onto the ground. We should clean the classroom every day. If everyone tries to do something useful for our school, I’m sure our school will be more and more beautiful.
That’s all , thank you.
九年级英语复习提纲
九年级Unit 4
Language goal: Talk about imaginary situations.
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1.medicine—medical 2. worry—worried
3. energy—energetic 4. confident—confidence
5. permit—permission 6. she—her—hers—herself
7. listen—listener 8. shelf—shelves
9. downstairs—upstairs 10. hurt—hurt—hurt
11. help—helpful
II、重点短语
1. millions of 数百万
2. medical research 医学研究
3. what if 如果……将会怎么样
4. not …in the slightest 一点也不……，根本不
5. plenty of 很多的，足够的
6. get along / on with 与……相处
7.let…down 使……失望或沮丧
8.come up with提出，想出（主意，回答等）
9. come out 出版，发表
10. go upstairs / downstairs 上 / 下楼
11. treat / consider / regard…as… 把……当成……
12. without permission 未经允许
13. be in a movie 演电影
14.introduce sb / oneself to 把自己或某人介绍给……
15. the rest of ……的剩余部分
16. invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事
17. give sb some advice on 给某人关于某方面的建议
III、重点句型
1. If I were you, I would take a small present. 如果我是你，我会带一份小礼物。
2. What if I don’t know anyone? 如果我不认识任何人怎么办？
3. If I were you, I’d be a little late. 如果我是你，我会晚一点儿。
4. If you don’t know anyone, you can talk to Tom.
如果你不认识任何人，你可以和汤姆聊天。
5. I don’t know what to say or do. 我不知道该说什么，做什么。
6. I’m too tired to do well. 我太累了做不好。
7. If I were you, I’d take a long walk before going to bed.
如果我是你，我会在睡前长时间散步。
8. If I were you, I’d talk to someone who looks friendly.
如果我是你，我会和看起来友好的人聊天。
9.What would you do if the teacher asked you to give a speech in front of the whole school? 如果老师让你在全校师生面前演讲，你该怎么办？
10. I would rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party. 我宁可呆在家里看一本好书也不愿去参加宴会。
11. You are easy to get along with. 你很容易相处。
12. If I were you, I’d talk to your friend about the dangers of smoking.
如果我是你，我会和朋友谈论吸烟的危险。
IV、重点语法
虚拟语气：
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，或与事实不符或正好相反。
1、条件句中虚拟语气的形式
从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。
时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式
将来动词过去式(be用were)
should + 动词原形
were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could
+ 动词原形
现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could
+ 动词原形
过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have
+ 动词过去分词
2、举例
(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If he were free, he would help us.
(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.
【虚拟语气口诀】
现-过，过将；过-过完，过将完；将-过将，过将。
【注】对现在条件的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去将来时；对过去条件的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用过去将来完成时；对将来条件的虚拟，从句及主句的谓语动词均用过去将来时。
V、书面表达
谈论一些假设、虚拟的情况。P28 3a P30 3a
如：If I …, I would…
范文：你是否经常抱怨父母不理解你？请你运用本单元学习的虚拟语气谈谈假如你为人父母，会怎样处理与孩子之间的关系。
If I were a parent, I would try to make friends with my child. I wouldn’t say I was not this or that at your age. I’d allow him or her to develop his or her hobbies, such as listening to pop songs and watching action movies. I’d let him or her choose his or her own clothes. If I were a parent, I would encourage my child to have fun after school. The most important thing is that I would set a good example for him or her and win his or her respect.
九年级英语复习提纲
九年级Unit 6
Language goal: Express preferences
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1. prefer—preferred 2. like—dislike 3. sink—sank—sunk
4. fisherman—fishermen 5. photograph—photographer—photography
6. suggest—suggestion 7. energy—energetic 8. honest—dishonest
9. taste—tasty 10. main—mainly 11. laboratory—laboratories
II、重点短语
1. remind of 提醒，使记起
2. learn…by heart 熟记……，记住……
3. on display / show 展览，陈列
4. take an interest in 对……感兴趣
5. an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩
6. to be honest 老实说，说实在的
7. be good for 对……有益
8. stay away from 与……保持距离
9. be in agreement 意见一致
10. over the years 这些年来
11. get together 聚会
12. suit sb fine 合某人的的意，对某人合适
III、重点句型
1. ---What kind of music do you like? 你喜欢哪种音乐？
---I like music that I can sing along with. 我喜欢能随着一起唱歌的曲子。
2. I love singers who write their own music. 我喜欢自己写曲子的歌手。
3. The music reminds me of Brazilian dance music.
这首曲子让我想起巴西舞曲。
4. He’s made some great movies over the years.
这些年来他拍了一些很好的电影。
5.Some of her most famous photos are on display in this exhibition.
她的一些有名的照片在这次展览中展出。
6. We’re looking for a quiet place to go on vacation.
我们在寻找一个安静的可以度假的地方。
7. Food that is bad for you can tastes good. 对你有害的食物尝起来都很好。
8. These are musicians who make us happy—even on a Monday morning.
这是些甚至在周一都能让你开心的音乐家。
IV、重点语法
1、定语从句：
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which等；
关系副词：when, where, why等。
A.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
（1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语
（2）whose用来指人或物（只用作定语）
（3）which，that 他们所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
*B、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和这一结构交替使用。如：
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
2、prefer 的用法
（1）prefer—preferred 相当于like sth better意为“更喜欢某物”。如：
He prefers coffee to tea.= He likes coffee better than tea.
（2）prefer to do sth意为“宁愿做某事”
The girl preferred to go with her parents.
（3）prefer…to…意为“比起……更喜欢……，喜欢……而不喜欢……”。prefer后面的词为喜欢或愿意做的事情，接在to后面的词为不喜欢或不愿意做的事情。to为介词，省略号部分可以接名词或动词的ing形式。如：
He prefers riding a bike to driving.相对开车而言，他更喜欢骑自行车。
（4）prefer to do rather than do意为“喜欢……而不喜欢……”可以转化成would rather do than do“宁愿做……而不是做……”结构。如：
I prefer to walk there rather than go by bike.
V、书面表达：
参考教材：（P48 3a P49 2）
1. 谈论个人的喜好。
2. I want to be the person who / that ….我想成为……的人。
3. My favorites 我最喜欢的……
4. 范文：
*下面是你对好友Mike个人爱好的调查，请写一份调查报告，介绍一下他的喜好及原因。
NamesReasons
BandsBack Street Boys, HOTEnergetic, good singers, look cool, wear fantastic clothes
BooksHamlet,
Romeo and JulietLove stories, romantic, beautiful words
MoviesTitanic; E.TTragedy, science fictions
Mike is one of my good friends. He loves listening to music, reading books and watching movies. He is a super fan of the bands Back Street Boys and HOT because he loves bands that are energetic. He thinks they are good singers. Besides, he thinks the band members look cool and always wear fantastic clothes. When he reads, he prefers reading books like Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare. They are love stories that are extremely romantic and Mike likes books that have beautiful words in them. Also, he likes tragedies and science fictions. Of all the movies, he enjoys Titanic and E.T best.
九年级英语复习提纲
九年级Unit 7 &Unit 11
Language goal: Talk about places you would like to visit.
Ask for information politely
I、重点词汇：四会词（补充）：
1. educate—education—educational *2. peace—peaceful
*3. trek—trekking—trekked 4. include—including
5. church—churches *6. translate—translator
7. light—heavy / dark 8. report—reporter
9. organize—organized—organization 10. lend—lent—lent
11. wonder—wonderful *12. direct—direction—director
*13. lead—leader 14. crowd—crowded—uncrowned
II、重点短语
1. go trekking 去长途跋涉
2. trek through穿越
3. in general 通常，大体上，一般而言
4. translate…into… 把……翻译成……
5. thousands of 成千上万的
6. as soon as possible 尽快的
7. be willing to do sth 乐意（做某事）
8. quite a few 相当多，不少
9. dream of / about 梦想，幻想
10. hold on to 继续，坚持，保持
11. consider doing sth 考虑做某事
12. dress up (as…) 装扮（成……）
13. hand in 交上，提交
14. one / some day 有一天
15. on the second floor 在二楼
16. take dance lessons 上舞蹈课
17. across China 全中国
18. make a telephone call打电话
III、重点句型
1. Where would you like to visit? 你想到哪参观？
2. I’d like to go somewhere relaxing. 我想去轻松的地方。
3. I hope to go to France some day. 我希望有一天能去法国。
4. Paris is the capital of France and one of the liveliest cities in Europe.
巴黎是法国的首都，是欧洲最有活力的城市之一。
5. Why not consider visiting Paris? 为什么不考虑参观巴黎呢？
6. France is quite an expensive place. 法国是一个消费相当高的地方。
7. Could you please give me some suggestions for vacation spots?你能给我一些旅游景点的建议吗？
8. It seems that some students would like to start work as soon as possible.一些学生似乎想尽快开始工作。
9. Quite a few said they dream of going to the moon one day.相当多的人说他们梦想有一天到月球上去。
10. It seems that most students hope to have a good education and find a good job.
大多数的学生似乎希望接受好的教育并找到一份好工作。
11. Could you tell me how to get to the post office? 你能告诉我怎么到邮局吗？
12. Hold on to your dream, they may just come true one day. 坚持你的梦想，他们有一天可能会实现。
13. Can you tell me where there’s a good place to eat?你能告诉我哪有吃东西的好地方吗？
14. There’s always something happening. 总是有事发生。
15. Is that a good place to hang out? 那是闲逛的好地方吗？
16. I wonder if you can help me. 我想知道你是否能帮我。
17. Some students want to hand in their homework later than the teacher asked for it. 一些学生想在老师要之后晚些交作业。
IV、重点语法
1、宾语从句：如果一个复合句的宾语是由一个句子充当，这个复合句就叫宾语从句。
三要素：时态、语序、连接词
1、时态：主句和从句的时态必须保持一致。如果主句为一般现在时，从句可根据需要选择各种时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句只能用相应的过去时态。
2、语序：宾语从句需用陈述语序，即从句的连接词后是主语、谓语动词、宾语的顺序。当连接词作主语，其后直接跟谓语和宾语。
3、连接词：若宾语从句是陈述句转化来的，连接词用that，若是一般疑问句转化来的，连接词用if或whether，若是特殊疑问句转换来的，连接词直接用特殊疑问词（如who，what，why，where，whose等）引导，后面用陈述语序。如：I wonder if he is a driver.
2、表示请求允许的句型：
（1）Can / Could you please …？意为“请你……好吗？”是表示有礼貌的请求的交际用语，后接动词原形，后者比前者语气更委婉。
（2）Would you mind…？意为“做……你介意吗？”后接动词的ing形式。
（3）Would you please…？同（1）
（4）Would you like …？意为“你想……吗？”后接动词不定式。
V、书面表达：参考教材：（P54 3a P563a P90 3a）
老师让同学们讨论网上购物（Internet shopping）的利（advantage）弊（disadvantage），请你根据下面的信息代表你们组发言。
好处：很方便（convenient），24小时营业，不用排队（queue up）
不足：看不见实物，不能享受和朋友一起购物的乐趣……
Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It has a lot of advantages. Firstly, it is very convenient. You can shop whenever you like . Because the online shops are open 24 hours a day and you do not have to queue up. Secondly, it is often cheaper to buy goods on the internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.
However, there are some disadvantages, too. you can not see the real products or check their quality. Also, you will not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.
